CHAPTER 1&2

Question 1

Abstract

Answer 1

short summary of a research study typically found at the beginning of a journal article

Question 2

Applied research

Answer 2

research designed to solve a practical problem

Question 3

Basic research

Answer 3

research designed to expand the body of knowledge on a topic

Question 4

Deterministic

Answer 4

all natural, social & psychological phenomena are casually determined by preceding events or natural laws

Question 5

Empirical

Answer 5

science is based on objective, reproducible evidence & not pure reason, emotion or subjective experiences

Question 6

Falsifiable

Answer 6

A theory or hypothesis is not scientific unless it can be proven false

Question 7

Provisional

Answer 7

all scientific knowledge is open to further testing & revision

Question 8

Hypothesis

Answer 8

a specific, testable prediction

Question 9

Theory

Answer 9

a related group of empirical findings that help explain a specific phenomenon

Question 10

Research

Answer 10

the process of collecting information to answer a specific question using the scientific method

Question 11

Scientific Method

Answer 11

the process of observing a phenomenon, asking a question ; determining what is already known about that question, constructing a hypothesis, collecting & analyzing data, reporting results & revising a theory

Question 12

Pseudoscience

Answer 12

non-scientific claims that may sound scientific, but fail to meet key criteria of scientific research

Question 13

Alternative explanation

Answer 13

an explanation for a result that is not accounted for in a study

Question 14

Association

Answer 14

a covariance between or among variable such that a change in one variable coincides with or predicts a change in another variable

Question 15

Associative relationship

Answer 15

the type of relationship between variables in which the predictor variable is used to estimate (predict) the outcome variable

Question 16

Causation

Answer 16

a subcategory of association. In causation one variable directly affects other such that changes in one variable lead to or cause changes in one variable

Question 17

Claim

Answer 17

a statement, assertion, or conclusion arrived at after careful examination of a research question; it generalizes the results of a study to the larger population & other situations

Question 18

Conceptual replication (systematic replication)

Answer 18

a study in which the same hypothesis as the original study is tested using different methods

Question 19

Dependent variable

Answer 19

the variable in a causal relationship that is hypothesized to be influenced by the independent variable

Question 20

Independent variable

Answer 20

the variable in a causal relationship that is hypothesized to be influenced by the dependent variable

Question 21

Outcome variable

Answer 21

the variable that expresses the result of an association

Question 22

Predictor variable

Answer 22

the variable in association that is used to estimate or predict a result or outcome

Question 23

Replication

Answer 23

repeating a study that has already been completed

Question 24

Research question

Answer 24

a testable question about one or more specific variable, asking about what is true now or what will happen in the future. A good research question clearly indicates the type of relationship & variable of interest, is specific enough for a single study, can be translated into a testable hypothesis & is worth answering

Question 25

Results

Answer 25

a summary of findings or outcomes from collecting & analyzing data in research study

Question 26

Value

Answer 26

a measure of a variable, such as the number, amount, or degree of that variable

Question 27

Variable

Answer 27

a condition or characteristic that is subject to change