Chapter 8 Flashcards

Question

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 1

Reasoning from general to specific. Draw conclusions based on logic. Top-down processing. Ex: all Texans love the Dallas Cowboys, John is from Texas therefore he must love the Dallas Cowboys.

Answer 2

The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing amongst them.

Answer 3

Loss aversion, confirmation bias, hindsight bias, availability heuristic, base-rate neglect, representativeness heuristic, and bias blind spot.

Answer 4

The tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains. Ex: at a B+ could take an exam that could make you jump up to an A- or plummet to a C. You would more than likely going to avoid the test.

Answer 5

The tendency to search for and use information that supports one's ideas rather than refutes them. Ex: also called myside bias.

Answer 6

The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome. Ex: "I knew it all along"

Answer 7

A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining a similar event. Ex: more worried about plane crashes than car crashes when they are more rare only because we hear about them more on the news.

Answer 8

The tendency to ignore statistical information in favor of very specific but vivid information. Ex: panel of experts rates a particular vehicle exceptionally well. However, your friend tells you about her bad experiences with that car which would sway your decision.

Answer 9

The tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physical appearance or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. Ex: stereotypes with a group of 100 engineers and 5 swimmers. A man who tall and lanky wearing a T shirt, jeans, and flip-flops, and sunglasses. You would probably guess he was a swimmer when he is not.

Answer 10

When people notice bias in others but not in ones own decisions.

Answer 11

Thinking reflectively, productively, and evaluating evidence.

Answer 12

The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

Answer 13

The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things. Do actively open-minded thinking which is open to questioning and not dogmatic or categorical.

Answer 14

The ability to think about something in a novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.

Answer 15

Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem.

Answer 16

Thinking that produces a single best solution to a problem.

Answer 17

brainstorm, flexibility and playful thinking, inner motivation, willingness to face risk, and objective evaluation of work.

Answer 18

Definitions of intelligence reflects culture.

Answer 19

An all purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experiences.

Answer 20

Charles Spearman who in 1904 noted that schoolchildren who did well in math also did well in reading, and he came up with the idea that intelligence is a general ability, which he called g. Essentially assumes that the intelligent person is a jack-of-all-cognitive trades.

Answer 21

Validity, reliability, and standardization.

Answer 22

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Answer 23

The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.

Answer 24

The development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and the creation of norms (performance standards) for the test.

Answer 25

Created by Alfred Binet. It is an individual's level of mental development relative to that of others.

Answer 26

Created by William Stern. It is an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.

Answer 27

Different amongst ages. For 16 years and older, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (the WAIS) includes items such as vocabulary, working memory capacity, math problems, and the ability to complete jigsaw puzzles. For ages between 6 and 16, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (the WISC) includes vocabulary and comprehension but also tasks such as putting together blocks to fit a particular pattern. For younger than 6, Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) which children are asked to point to a picture that depicts a word, to complete a block design, and to answer basic knowledge questions.

Answer 28

Cultural bias, genetic influences, environmental influences.

Answer 29

Many early intelligence tests were culturally biased, favoring people who were from urban rather than rural environments, of middle rather than low socioeconomic status, and non-latino white rather than than African American.

Answer 30

Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased.

Answer 31

The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members.

Answer 32

Processing high intelligence (an IQ 130or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area. Innate ability and strong support. Terman says that are socially well adjusted and successful as adults.

Answer 33

IQ of 70 or less. It is affects conceptual (language, reading, writing, math, reasoning, and memory), social (empathy, social judgement, interpersonal communication, and the ability to make friends), practical skills (self management, recreation, job responsibilities, and organizing school and work tasks). Several different categories: mild, moderate, and severe/profound. Some can be adaptive behaviors.

Answer 34

Organic is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage. Cultural is a mental deficit with no evidence of organic brain damage.

Answer 35

Robert Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes analytical, creative, and practical.

Answer 36

The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

Answer 37

The ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine.

Answer 38

The ability to use, apply, implement, put ideas into practice.

Answer 39

1. Verbal: the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning. Ex: author, journalist, speaker 2. Mathematical: the ability to carry out mathematical operations Ex: scientist, engineer, and accountant. 3. Spatial: The ability to think three-dimensionally. Ex: architect, artist, and sailor 4. Bodily-kinesthetic: The ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adept. Ex: surgeon, craftsperson, dancer, athlete 5. Musical: the ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone Ex: composer and musician. 6. Interpersonal: the ability to understand and interact effectively with people. Ex: teacher, mental health professional 7. Intrapersonal: the ability to understand oneself. Ex: theologian, psychologist 8. Naturalist: the ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human made systems. Ex: farmer, botanist, ecologist, and landscaper. 9. Existentialist: the ability to grapple with the big questions of human existence, such as the meaning of life and death, with special sensitivity to issues of spirituality.

Answer 40

A form of communication-whether spoken, written, or signed- that is based on a system of symbols.

Answer 41

A language's sound system. Phoneme is most basic sound unit of language (kuh in cat)

Answer 42

A language's rules for word formation. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has meaning. Ex: eat, prehistoric, capitalism

Answer 43

Rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences. "you didn't stay, did you?" compared to "you didn't stay, didn't you?"

Answer 44

The meaning of words and sentences in a particular language. "The bicycle talked the boy into buying ice cream."

Answer 45

The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is verbalized. The idea of wandering the streets of Madrid and say to stranger "autobus?" and they will know what you are talking about.

Answer 46

Language determines the way we think.

Answer 47

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving.

Answer 48

May have better executive function than monolinguals but some skepticism as to these findings.

Answer 49

1. Language universals: humans are born biologically predisposed to learn language at a certain time and are in a certain way. 2. Hemispheric Specialization: Certain parts are your brain are predisposed to language use. Left Hemisphere: Wernicke's, Brochas

Answer 50

Behavioral view, language is a system of learned responses, and language exposure.

Answer 51

While there likely are critical and sensitive periods for language learning, adults can learn second languages. It often involves overriding old habits, like paying attention to language sounds once ignored, it is easier for adults to learn the vocabulary of a new language, native-like accent attainment decreases after age 12.

Answer 52

Interpreting the events and experiences in one's live as harmful and threatening, or as challenging, and determining whether one has the resources to cope effectively.

Answer 53

Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems and seeking to master or reduce stress.

Answer 54

Individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat of some future danger, or a challenge to overcome. Involves our immediate response to an event.

Answer 55

Evaluating resources determining how they can be used to cope with the event. Coping is used with this.

Answer 56

Regulating one's feelings about an experience by reinterpreting that experience or thinking about it in a different way or from a different angle. Can involve a process called benefit finding which is looking at a stressful life event in a particular way, focusing on the good that has arisen in one's life as a result.