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Psychology 201: Exam 2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

Systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. (has to be observable)

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2
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, hoping. (mental processes are not a part of this).

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3
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events. Condition is the process of learning these associations. School bell ring means to get up and leave

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4
Q

What are the two types of conditioning?

A

Classical and operant

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5
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another’s behavior.

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6
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Example used in class: the belt

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7
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

Also called a US. It is a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

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8
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

Unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the US. Example: pain

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9
Q

Who discovered classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov and his dog experiment. He noticed that would drool at certain stimulus other than just the food.

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10
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicited a conditional response after being paired with the US.

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11
Q

What is the conditional response?

A

Learned response to conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US pairing

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12
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The initial learning of the connection between the UCS and the CS when these two things are paired.

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13
Q

What needs to be there for classical conditioning to work?

A

Contiguity and contingency

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14
Q

What is contingency?

A

NS regularly followed by the UCS. Example: reward the dog every time with treat while training to sit.

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15
Q

What is contiguity?

A

Time between between CS and UCS. (needs to happen close in time/ one right after another). If a partner brings an argument from three weeks ago to try and produce a response=no reaction or response.

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16
Q

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

A

CRs may also appear after various new NS that are similar to the CS (little Albert was scared of anything with fur after being conditioned). Would eventually lead to a phobia. All dogs are scary and loud.

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17
Q

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. CRs appear after CS but not after other CSs. Generally learned by presenting other CSs without the UCS.

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18
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

CRs weakened by presenting the CS without the UCS. Pavlov rang the bell but did not present food; the dog stopped salivating.

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19
Q

What is one way classical conditioning is used in the world?

A

Advertisers try to use classical conditioning so that you will buy their products. They will put a attractive person in it so you will have an uncontrolled response and associate them with the controlled stimulus or product.

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20
Q

What was an unethical test done on human with classical conditioning?

A

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner experiment on little Albert with the rat and loud noise. Unethical because Watson did not extinct little Albert’s fears.

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21
Q

What is another classical conditioning that can happen in terms of health?

A

The placebo effect a person’s health. For example, a person with sclerosis were given a flavored drink prior to receiving a drug that suppressed the immune system. After this, the flavored drink by itself lowered immune functioning, similar to the drug.

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22
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

CR recures after a time delay and without additional learning. When Pavlov rang the bell the next day, the dog salivated.

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23
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response. Goal: Associate CS with new, incompatible CR. Means: CS paired with new UCS.

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24
Q

What is aversive conditioning?

A

A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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25
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Better explains voluntary behaviors. Why do we choose to do certain things? The consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s occurrence. It is best understood by the experiments from which it was formed. Choosing to do certain things because of the reward.

26
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

A

Experiment that placed cats inside the box and sat a thing of food outside the box. They were rewarded when they were able to get out and eventually continued to do that more often. Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened (more frequently). Behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

27
Q

What was Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning?

A

He believed that mechanisms for learning are the same for all species. He expanded Thorndike’s work and created common words for learning. He trained pigeons to pilot missiles/get food. He created the term shaping.

28
Q

What is shaping that Skinner created?

A

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

29
Q

In learning theory, what does positive mean?

A

Add something.

30
Q

In learning theory, what does negative mean?

A

Take something away.

31
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

The process by which a stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

32
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Frequency of a behavior increases because something was added. Example: If someone you meet smiles at your before you start talking, the smile reinforced your talking.

33
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Frequency of a behavior increases because something was removed. Example: you would take aspirin more because it removes your headache.

34
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

An organism’s learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response. Example: a person may study harder after receiving a bad grade to not get another one.

35
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

An organism’s learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes. Example: dogs just taking a shock because they realized they couldn’t escape even when there was an exit.

36
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; a primary reinforcer does not require any learning on the organism’s part to make it pleasurable. Example: food, water, and sexual satisfaction.

37
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A

A reinforcer that acquirers its positive value through an organism’ experience; a secondary reinforcer is learned or conditioned reinforcer. Repeated association with a pre-existing reinforcer. (Become satisfying through experience). Example: token economy.

38
Q

What is generalization in operant conditioning?

A

stimulus “sets the occasion” for the response. Responding occurs to similar stimuli. Also, performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

39
Q

What is discrimination in operant conditioning?

A

Stimuli signal when behavior will or will not be reinforced. The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

40
Q

What is extinction and spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning?

A

Behavior decreases when reinforcement stops.

41
Q

What are schedules of reinforcements?

A

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

42
Q

What are the four schedules of reinforcement?

A

Fixed ration, variable ratio, fixed intervals, variable intervals

43
Q

What are ratio schedules and what are the two types?

A

Involve the number of behaviors that must be preformed prior to reward. Fixed ratio and variable ratio.

44
Q

What are interval schedules and what are the two types?

A

Refer to the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded. Fixed and variable.

45
Q

What is fixed ratio?

A

Must complete x number of a behavior before rewards.

46
Q

What are variable ratio?

A

Behaviors are rewarded after an average number of behaviors.

47
Q

What are fixed intervals?

A

First appropriate behavior after a fixed amount of time passed is reinforced.

48
Q

What are variable intervals?

A

Behavior is reinforced after some unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.

49
Q

What is a punishment?

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

50
Q

What is a positive punishment?

A

Adding some stimulus after a behavior decreases frequency of that behavior.

51
Q

What is negative punsihment?

A

A behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

52
Q

What is the idea of timing of consequences in operant conditioning?

A

Immediate consequences work best. Delayed consequences work more effective on adults than children.

53
Q

What is applied behavior analysis/ Behavior Modification?

A

Use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. Analyze rewards and punishers in a setting and manipulate to change behavior. Helpful in mental health field.

54
Q

What is observational learning and what are the four areas of it?

A

Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior (modeling). Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, and Reinforcement.

55
Q

What are cognitive factors in learning?

A

Purposive behavior in humans, latent/implicit learning, insight learning.

56
Q

What is purposeful behavior in humans?

A

Goal directed, goal setting, self-regulation and self-monitoring.

57
Q

What is latent/implicit learning?

A

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

58
Q

What is insight learning?

A

Form of problem solving where the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.

59
Q

What are some other factors in learning?

A

Biological constraints, culture, and psychological constraints.

60
Q

What are the two biological constraints and what are they?

A

Instinctive drift: tendency to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning
Preparedness: the species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

61
Q

What is a part of psychological constraints?

A

Mindset
Fixed: qualities are carved in stone and cannot change
Growth: qualities can change and improve through effort

Psychology 201: Exam 2 (3 decks)

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