Chapter 8 Flashcards
Prevention
Keeping errors out of the process
Inspection
Keeping errors out of the hands of the customer
It is the examination of a work product to determine if it conforms to documented standards
Attribute Sampling
The result either confirms or does not conform
Variable Sampling
The result is rated on a continuous scale that measures the degree of conformity
Tolerances
Specified range of acceptable results
Control limits
Identify the boundaries of common variation in a statistically stable process or process performance
Conformance to requirements
To ensure the project produces what it was created to product
Fitness for use
The product or service needs to satisfy the real needs
Plan Quality Management
It is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the project and its deliverables and documenting how the project will demonstrate compliance with quality requirements and/or standards
Prevention Costs
Costs related to the prevention of poor quality in the products, deliverables or services of the specific project
Appraisal Costs
Costs related to evaluating, measuring, auditing and testing the products, deliverables or services of the specific project
Failure Costs (Internal/External)
Costs related to nonconformance of the products, deliverables or services to the needs or expectations of the stakeholders
Quality Management Plan
It is a component of the project management plan that describes how applicable policies, procedures and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives.
Benefits of Quality Management Plan
- Sharper focus on the project’s value proposition
- reductions in costs
- less frequent schedule overruns caused by rework
Manage Quality
It is the process of translating the quality management plan into executable quality activities that incorporate the organization’s quality policies into the project.
Audits
It is a structured, independent process used to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes and procedures.
Quality audit is usually conducted by a team external to the project such as the organization’s internal audit department, PMO etc
Design for X (DfX)
It is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a product for the optimization of a specific aspect of the product
It can control or even improve the products final characteristics
Benefits of DfX
- Cost reduction
- quality improvement
- better performance
- customer satisfaction
Control Quality
It is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality management activities in order to assess performance and ensure the project outputs are complete correct and meet customer expectations.
Check sheets
AKA Tally sheets
They are used to organize facts in a manner that will facilitate the effective collection of useful data about a potential quality problem.
Performance Reviews
They measure, compare, analyze the quality metrics defined by the plan quality management process against actual results
Root Cause Analysis
It is an analytical technique used to determine the basic underlying reason that causes a variance, defect or risk.
Testing
It is an organized and constructed investigation conducted to provide objective information about the quality of the product or service under test in accordance with the project requirements
The intent of testing is to find errors, defects bugs or other nonconformance problems in a product or service
Control chart
A quality control chart that maps the performance of project work over time.
It is used to determine whether or not a process is stable or has predictable performance.
Most frequently used to track repetitive activities but they may also be used to monitor cost and schedule variances.
Activity network diagram
These diagrams, such as the project network diagram, show the flow of the project work.
Affinity diagram
This diagram breaks down ideas, solutions, causes, and project components and groups them together with other similar ideas and components.
Benchmarking
Comparing any two similar entities to measure their performance.
Cause-and-effect diagrams
Diagrams that show the relationship between variables within a process and how those relationships may contribute to inadequate quality. The diagrams can help organize both the process and team opinions, as well as generate discussion on finding a solution to ensure quality.
Checklist
A simple approach to ensure that work is completed according to the quality policy.
Cost-benefit analysis
A process to study the trade-offs between costs and the benefits realized from those costs
Design of experiments
An approach that relies on statistical scenarios to determine what variables within a project will result in the best outcome.
External QA
Assurance provided to the external customers of the project.
Flowchart
A diagram illustrating how components within a system are related. Flowcharts show the relation between components, as well as help the project team determine where quality issues may be present and, once done, plan accordingly.
Internal QA
Assurance provided to management and the project team.
ISO
The abbreviation for the International Organization for Standardization
Matrix diagram
A data analysis table that shows the strength between variables and relationships in the matrix.
Pareto diagram
A histogram that illustrates and ranks categories of failure within a project.
Quality
According to ASQ, the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.
Quality assurance
A management process that defines the quality system or quality policy that a project must adhere to. QA aims to plan quality into the project rather than to inspect quality into a deliverable.
Quality management plan
This plan defines how the project team will implement and fulfill the quality policy of the performing organization.
Quality metrics
The operational definitions that specify the measurements within a project and the expected targets for quality and performance.
Quality planning
The process of first determining which quality standards are relevant to your project and then finding out the best methods of adhering to those quality standards.
Rule of Seven
A component of a control chart that illustrates the results of seven measurements on one side of the mean, which is considered “out of control” in the project.
Run chart
A quality control tool that shows the results of inspection in the order in which they’ve occurred. The goal of a run chart is first to demonstrate the results of a process over time and then to use trend analysis to predict when certain trends may reemerge.
Scatter diagram
A quality control tool that tracks the relationship between two variables over time. The two variables are considered related the closer they track against a diagonal line.
Seven basic quality tools
These seven tools are used in quality planning and in quality control: cause-and-effect diagrams, flowcharts, check sheets, Pareto diagrams, histograms, control charts, and scatter diagrams.
Statistical sampling
A process of choosing a percentage of results at random. For example, a project creating a medical device may have 20 percent of all units randomly selected to check for quality.
System or process flowcharts
Flowcharts that illustrate the flow of a process through a system, such as a project change request through the change control system, or work authorization through a quality control process.
Tree diagram
Tree diagrams show the hierarchies and decomposition of a solution, an organization, or a project team. The WBS and an org chart are examples of tree diagrams.
Trend analysis
The science of using past results to predict future performance.
