Chapter 7_The Visual System

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Detection of stimuli from the environment. ​

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

Interpretation of detected stimuli. ​

Question 3

Photon

Answer 3

Elementary particle of light. ​

Question 4

Cornea

Answer 4

The front-most part of the eye that refracts light. ​

Question 5

Pupil

Answer 5

The hole in the center of the eye that allows light to enter. ​

Question 6

Lens

Answer 6

The structure that refracts light to focus it on the retina. ​

Question 7

Accommodation

Answer 7

The process by which the lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances. ​

Question 8

Retina

Answer 8

The back part of the eye where light is converted into neural signals. ​

Question 9

Fovea

Answer 9

The small pit in the retina with the highest visual acuity. ​

Question 10

Optic Disk

Answer 10

The spot where the optic nerve exits the eye, creating a blind spot. ​

Question 11

Photoreceptors

Answer 11

Cells in the retina that detect light (includes rods and cones). ​

Question 12

Rods

Answer 12

Photoreceptors that detect low light levels and are responsible for peripheral vision. ​

Question 13

Cones

Answer 13

Photoreceptors responsible for high-acuity and color vision. ​

Question 14

Phototransduction

Answer 14

The process by which photoreceptors convert light into neural signals. ​

Question 15

Purkinje Shift

Answer 15

The phenomenon where colors appear blue-ish in low light due to rod activity. ​

Question 16

Horizontal Cells

Answer 16

Interneurons in the retina that inhibit adjacent photoreceptors. ​

Question 17

Bipolar Cells

Answer 17

Neurons in the retina that receive input from photoreceptors and send signals to ganglion cells. ​

Question 18

Amacrine Cells

Answer 18

Interneurons in the retina that modulate signals between bipolar and ganglion cells. ​

Question 19

Retinal Ganglion Cells ​

Answer 19

Neurons that receive input from bipolar cells and form the optic nerve. ​

Question 20

Optic Nerve

Answer 20

The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain. ​

Question 21

Optic Chiasm

Answer 21

The point where the optic nerves cross and diverge to the brain. ​

Question 22

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) ​

Answer 22

A part of the thalamus that processes visual information from the optic nerve. ​

Question 23

Optic Radiations

Answer 23

Axonal bundles that carry visual information from the LGN to the visual cortex. ​

Question 24

Primary Visual Cortex (V1) ​

Answer 24

The region of the brain that receives and processes visual information. ​

Question 25

Retinotopic Organization

Answer 25

The mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons in the visual cortex. ​

Question 26

Dorsal Stream

Answer 26

The “where” pathway that processes spatial location and movement. ​

Question 27

Ventral Stream

Answer 27

The “what” pathway that processes object identification and visual memory. ​

Question 28

Color Vision Deficiency ​

Answer 28

A condition where one or more types of cone photoreceptors are dysfunctional. ​

Question 29

Glaucoma

Answer 29

A condition that damages the optic nerve, often due to high intraocular pressure. ​

Question 30

Hemianopsia

Answer 30

Loss of half of the visual field in both eyes. ​

Question 31

Quadrantanopsia

Answer 31

Loss of a quarter of the visual field in both eyes. ​

Question 32

Akinetopsia

Answer 32

Motion blindness, the inability to perceive motion. ​

Question 33

Prosopagnosia

Answer 33

Face blindness, the inability to recognize faces. ​

Question 34

Saccades

Answer 34

Rapid, jerking movements of the eyes to scan the visual field. ​