Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology - Guyton & Hall > Chapter 72 - Dietary Balances > Flashcards

Chapter 72 - Dietary Balances Flashcards

1
Q

Energy Available in Food
(1) Carbs
(2) Fat
(3) Protein

A

(1) Calories - 4.1; Ave. Absorbed - 98%
(2) Calories - 9.3; Ave. Absorbed - 95%
(3) Calories - 4.35; Ave. Absorbed - 92%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Percentage of Energy from Average American Diet
(1) Carbs
(2) Fat
(3) Protein

A

(1) 45%
(2) 40%
(3) 15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Percentage of Energy from Average Non-Western Diet
(1) Carbs
(2) Fat
(3) Protein

A

(1) 80%
(2) 15 - 20%
(3) 15 - 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Average daily requirement of protein

A

30 to 50 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Average number of proteins degraded daily

A

20 to 30 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Corn is a partial protein with inadequate amounts of essential amino acids - ; strict single diet of corn can lead to what disease?

A

Tryptophan and lysine

Kwashiorkor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Food legumes are partial proteins containing essential amino acids rich in (1) and deficient in (2)

A

(1) tryptophan and lysine
(2) methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Respiratory Quotient

A

The ratio of carbon dioxide production for every oxygen molecule utilization during the metabolism of 1 gram of (carbohydrate, fat, or protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Respiratory Quotient of (1) carbohydrate, (2) fat, (3) protein

A

(1) carbohydrate = 1.0
(2) fat = 0.70
(3) protein = 0.80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Method to determine the metabolic utilization of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein for different foods

A

Respiratory Quotient

Where after consuming a meal,
a RQ of 1 will mean exclusive carb metabolism and 0.7 exclusive fat metabolism

Since protein metabolism is normally small, a RQ between 0.7 and 1 will describe approximate ratios of carbohydrate to fat metabolism

Accurate measurement of protein metabolism can be via measuring nitrogen excretion via urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Important findings from respiratory quotient studies

A

After a mixed meal
1. Carbohydrates are exclusively metabolized immediately
(RQ=1.0)
2. After 8 to 10 hrs, fats are metabolized (RQ = 0.70)
3. In times where carbs cannot be metabolized (diabetes mellitus) fats are metabolized (RQ = 0.70)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Percent of nitrogen in protein

A

16% or 6.25 (as 100/16)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Percent of nitrogen excretion during protein metabolism in (1) urine as urea, uric acid, and other nitrogen products and in (2) feces

A

(1) 90%
(2) 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Computation of protein metabolism (in grams) by measuring amount of nitrogen in urine

A

[(nitrogen in urine)*(1 + 0.1)] * 6.25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The average percentage of energy ingested that normally reaches the functional system of the cells

A

27%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Energy expenditure (in calories) of a (1) sedentary person and (2) athletes and laborers

A

(1) 2, 000 cal
(2) 10, 000 cal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The desire for food

A

Appetite

18
Q

Neuronal Centers in the Hypothalamus for Feeding and Diet Balance

A
  1. Lateral nuclei (feeding center)
  2. Ventromedial nuclei (satiety center)
  3. Paraventricular nuclei
  4. Dorsomedial nuclei
  5. Arcuate nuclei

….nuclei of the hypothalamus

19
Q

Site in the hypothalamus where multiple hormones released from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue (nervous and peripheral signals) converge to regulate food intake as well as energy expenditure (from energy stores)

A

Arcuate Nucleus

20
Q

Feeding center of the hypothalamus

A

Lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus

21
Q

Major satiety center of the hypothalamus

A

Ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus

22
Q

Lesion (destruction) in this area of the hypothalamus causes excessive food intake

A

Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

23
Q

Lesion (destruction) in this area of the hypothalamus depresses eating behavior

A

Dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus

24
Q

Condition characterized by marked weight loss, muscle weakness, and decreased metabolism

A

inanition

25
Q

Two types of neurotransmitters that the hypothalamus has high density of receptors for

A
  1. orexigenic substances - stimulate feeding
    (o for open mouth during eating)
  2. anorexigenic substances - inhibit feeding
    (anorexia so thin not eating)
26
Q

Most common known monogenic (single-gene mutation) causes of human obesity

Studies suggest it is responsible for 5% to 6% of early-onset severe obesity in children

A

POMC and MCR-4 receptor

27
Q

Controls the actual mechanism of feeding

A

Brainstem

28
Q

Centers of the brain that work together to control feeding and appetite

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Prefrontal cortex
29
Q

Destruction of this area causes “psychic blindness” in the choice of food - loss of part of the appetite control that determines the type and quality of food it eats

(part of the olfactory system)

A

amygdala

30
Q

FACTORS THAT REGULATE QUANTITY OF FOOD INTAKE

A
  1. short-term regulation
  2. long-term regulation
31
Q

Theories involving blood concentrations of glucose, AA, and fats in the long-term regulation of food intake

A
  • glucostatic theory of hunger and feeding regulation
  • aminostatic theory of regulation
  • lipostatic theory of regulation
32
Q

Another Obesity causing condition regarding long-term regulation mechanisms of food intake

Considered a rare monogenic mutation

A

leptin resistance
mutation in leptin receptors

33
Q

Helps maintain constant stores of nutrients in the tissues preventing them from becoming too low or too high

A

Long-term Regulation of Food Intake

34
Q

BMI formula

A

BMI = (Weight in Kg) / (height in m ^2)

35
Q

BMI Range for Overweight

A

*(WHO) 25 to 29.9
*(Asia-Pacific) 23 to 24.9

36
Q

BMI Range for obese

A

greater than or equal to 30

37
Q

Indicators for abdominal obesity (waist circumference)

A

Men: > 102 cm
Women: > 88 cm

38
Q

Indicators for abdominal obesity (waist/hip ratio)

A

Men: > 0.9
Women: > 0.85

39
Q

Drug that directly inhibits feeding centers in the brain

A

amphetamine

40
Q

A sympathomimetic drug that reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure

A

phentermine & sibutramine

Physiology - Guyton & Hall (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions