Chapter 7.1 and 7.2

Question 1

define Conditioned stimulus:

Answer 1

the stimulus, which, through association, elicited the conditioned response.

Question 2

define unconditioned response:

Answer 2

the response that is naturally conditioned by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Positive punishment:

Answer 3

a stimulus is administered that reduces the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 4

Wicks and ranking studied habituation in what?

Answer 4

Nematoda

Question 5

Conditioned taste aversion:

Answer 5

Taste and neasea are readily conditioned. Evolutionary advantage

Question 6

Generalization:

Answer 6

This phenomenon takes place when the CR is observed when though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition.

Question 7

Discrimination:

Answer 7

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.

Question 8

Negative reinforcement:

Answer 8

increase in the frequency of a response by following the response with the termination of an aversive stimulus.

Question 9

Positive situations:

Answer 9

a stimulus is presented

Question 10

spontaneous recovery:

Answer 10

the tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period.

Question 11

in pavlovs experiment when the food is shown and the dog salivated what kind of a stimulus is this?

Answer 11

unconditioned because it is innate

Question 12

Acquisition:

Answer 12

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together.

Question 13

What did richard thompson do?

Answer 13

did classical conditioning with eyeblinking and rabbits.

Question 14

shaping:

Answer 14

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

Question 15

in the rabbit experiment what was the CS?

Answer 15

tone

Question 16

Intermittent reinforcement effect:

Answer 16

the fact that operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist exctinction between than those maintained under continous reinforcement.

Question 17

Skinners approach to the study of learning focused on ———— and ————-

Answer 17

reinforcement and punishment

Question 18

what are the 4 necessary steps to observational learning?

Answer 18

1. Attention to the model 2. Retention- memory of the behaviour 3. Reproduction- able to convert the memory into action 4. Motivation

Question 19

Habituation:

Answer 19

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding.

Question 20

In the little albert experiment the loud sound was the ——————— ————– and the presence of the rat was ——— ———-

Answer 20

unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus

Question 21

what is the best example of classical conditioning?

Answer 21

pavlovs dogs.

Question 22

negative punishment:

Answer 22

a stimulus is removed that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 23

negative situations:

Answer 23

situations in which it was removed

Question 24

Observational learning:

Answer 24

learning when an organism responding is influenced by the observation of others.

Question 25

Classical conditioning:

Answer 25

The process by which a response normally elicited by one stimulus (the uncontrolled stimulus) comes to be controlled by another stimulus (the controled stimulus) as well

Question 26

Learning:

Answer 26

involves the acquisition from experience of new knowledge, skills or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

Question 27

forward conditioning:

Answer 27

occurs when the neutral stimulus appears just before and during the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 28

Define positive reinforcement:

Answer 28

Increase in the frequency of a response by following the response by an appetitive stimulus.

Question 29

Fixed ratio:

Answer 29

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of respionses have been made.

Question 30

Kandel and his colleagues studied habituation in what?

Answer 30

aplysia (sea slug when lightly touched withdraws but the response gradually weakens after repeated light touches)

Question 31

delayed conditioning:

Answer 31

The CS is presented before the US and the CS stays on until the US is presented. A type of forward conditining

Question 32

Second order conditioning:

Answer 32

is a classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral is paired with a conditioned stimulus

Question 33

Trace conditioning:

Answer 33

presenting a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus following each other but separated by a temporal gap.

Question 34

what was the US in the rabbit experiment?

Answer 34

a puff of air

Question 35

Variable ratio:

Answer 35

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses.

Question 36

Intermittent reinforcement:

Answer 36

whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.

Question 37

Simultaneous gap:

Answer 37

bell presented same time as food and taken away same time as food.

Question 38

Biological preparedness:

Answer 38

some behaviours are relatively easy to condition in some species but not others.

Question 39

Operant Conditioning:

Answer 39

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behaviour determine whether it will repeat that behaviour in the future.

Question 40

Instinctive drift:

Answer 40

the tendency of an animal to instinctive behaviours that interfere with a conditioned response. e.g. raccoon and depositiong coins versus washing

Question 41

Law of effect:

Answer 41

the principle that behaviours that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affars are less likely to be repeated.

Question 42

humphrey studied habituation in what?

Answer 42

snails

Question 43

Phobias are most like a what?

Answer 43

conditioned response

Question 44

The bell causing salivation is what kind of stimulus?

Answer 44

conditioned!

Question 45

what is the three term contingency:

Answer 45

1. Preceding event 2. Response 3. Consequence

Question 46

Variable interval:

Answer 46

a behaviour is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

Question 47

define conditioned response:

Answer 47

the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Question 48

Fixed interval-

Answer 48

reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.

Question 49

smoking a lot to create nauseous feeling is an example of what type of therapy?

Answer 49

aversion

Question 50

Backward conditioning:

Answer 50

get the food, dog salivates, food taken away and then we present the bell

Question 51

Extinction:

Answer 51

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

Question 52

Operant conditioning:

Answer 52

A form of learning where behaviour is affected by its consequences.

Question 53

whats the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Answer 53

punishment is a decrease in the frequency of a response whereas reinforcement is increase in the frequency of a response.

Question 54

Little albert associating fear with all white objects was an example of what?

Answer 54

generalization

Question 55

define unconditioned stimulus:

Answer 55

the stimulus that naturally elicits the response

Question 56

define punishment:

Answer 56

a decrease in the frequency of a response that is regularly followed by an aversive stimulus.

Question 57

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner were the first to do what?

Answer 57

theorize that classical conditioning occurs when an animal has learned to set up expectation.