Chapter 7 Vocab Flashcards
Fold in rocks that arches upward so older rocks are at the center
Anticline
Circular syncline that forms a depression in the ground
Basin
Stress that squeezes rocks together
Compression
Stress from the wright of material above buried rocks that does not allow the rocks to change shape
Confining stress
Change in the shape of rocks due to stress
Deformation
Fault in which the dip of the fault plan is inclined relative to the horizontal surface of earth
Dip-slip fault
Circular anticline that forms a mound on the ground
Dome
Fracture along which one side has moved relative to the other
Fault zone
Bend in rocks caused by compression
Fold
Block of rocks that is above a dip-slip fault plane
Hanging wall
Break in rocks along which there is no movement
Joint
Bend in rocks that causes them to be inclined relative to the horizontal
Monocline
Dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall
Normal fault
Dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall pushes up relative to the footwall
Reverse fault
Parallel stresses on rocks that push them past each other in opposite directions
Shear
Distance rocks move along a fault
Slip
Force per unit area on rocks
Stress
Fault in which the dip of the fault plane is vertical
Strike-slip fault
Fold in rocks that bends downward so younger rocks are at the center
Syncline
Stress that pulls rocks in opposite directions
Tension
Reverse fault in which the dip of the fault plane is nearly horizontal
Thrust fault
Height of a wave from the center to the top of a crest
Amplitude
Type of seismic wave that travels through earths interior; either a p or s wave
Body wave
Highest point of a wave
Crest
Ground movement caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks
Earthquake
Theory that earthquakes occur when rocks break and snap back to the original position after being deformed elastically until they cannot deform any more
Elastic rebound theory
Point on the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
Epicenter
Point beneath the surface where rocks break and start an earthquake
Focus
Type of seismic wave that travels over the surface and has a side-to-side motion
Love wave
Type of seismic wave that travels over the surface and has an up-and-down motion
Rayleigh wave
Type of seismic wave that travels through earth and arrives first at a seismometer
Primary wave
Type of seismic wave that travels through earth and arrives second at a seismometer
Secondary wave
Type of seismic wave that travels along the surface of the ground; either a love wave or Rayleigh wave
Surface wave
Lowest point of a wave
Trough
Large water wave caused by any shock to ocean water, such as an earthquake, meteorite impact, landslide, or nuclear explosion
Tsunami
Horizontal distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves
Wavelength
Scale of earthquake intensity based on what people feel and the extent of damage caused by earthquake
Mercalli intensity scale
Scale of earthquake magnitude based on the total amount of energy released by an earthquake
Moment magnitude scale
Scale of earthquake magnitude based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave produced by an earthquake
Richter magnitude scale
Paper record of seismic activity produced by a seismograph
Seismogram
Older type of device that measures and records seismic waves using a suspended, weighted pen the wires on a drum of paper that moves with ground
Seismograph
Modern device that uses electronic motion detectors to measure and record seismic waves and other ground motions
Seismometer
For soil to become saturated with water and behave like quicksand
Liquefy
