Chapter 7 - Social Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
What 2 factors is In-group/Out-group Membership based on?
A
- Reciprocity
- Transitivity/Balance theory
2
Q
Reciprocity Theory
A
- the idea that people will/should treat you the way you treat them
3
Q
Transitivity/Balance Theory
A
- we desire harmony in relationships so in our in-groups (groups we belong to), we want all of our friends to like each other
4
Q
Prejudice
A
negative attitudes and THOUGHTS towards a certain group
- they’re like this because they’re part of x group
5
Q
Discrimination
A
- negative BEHAVIOUR towards a certain group; treating someone differently because of their group
6
Q
What is the difference between Prejudice and Discrimination?
A
Prejudice - thoughts (cognitive)
Discrimination - behaviour
7
Q
What are the two concepts/biases formed within “Us Vs. Them” thinking
A
- Group homogeneity bias
- In-group favouritism + out-group derogation
8
Q
Group Homogeneity Bias
A
- grouping people outside your group as “all the same”
eg: someone saying “all asians look the same”
9
Q
In-group favouritism
A
attributing more positive qualities to our in-group and giving them preferential treatment
10
Q
Out-group derogation
A
attribute negative qualities to out-group
11
Q
Categorization is our way of organizing the world and simplifying things to help us react quick, but the two negative things it can lead to are:
A
prejudice, discrimination
12
Q
Why might some people be scared of immigrants according to social psychology?
A
prejudice - immigrants are a threat to their in-group (the country they live in)
13
Q
Realistic Conflict Theory
A
competition for limited resources fosters prejudice
14
Q
Social Identity Theory
A
Prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem. People will express more prejudice when they feel that an out-group is an attack to the self-esteem rooted in their in-group.
15
Q
Stereotype
A
positive or negative cognitive schema that allows us to process and react faster
16
Q
What is the difference between prejudice and stereotypes?
A
prejudice is negative while stereotypes can be positive OR negative
17
Q
Subtyping
A
someone saying one person they know from a certain group they stereotype is the ONLY exception to the stereotype
- eg: you’re the only exception, all other asians are like this
18
Q
Behaving towards/treating someone differently for their race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.
A
discrimination
19
Q
Implicit Bias Test
A
tests automatic, UNCONSCIOUS bias that cannot be seen (fast reactions to certain words or images)
20
Q
The Shooter Bias Effect is an example of what type of bias?
A
implicit bias - unconscious, automatic
21
Q
Shooter Bias Effect
A
example of implicit bias
- shown pics of people holding a gun or non gun object, viewer must quickly indicate shoot or don’t shoot
- No gun trials: people shoot for POC
- gun trials: people don’t shoot for white people
22
Q
A dog’s capacity to be racist is affected by:
A
their owner’s implicit and explicit biases, prejudice, or discrimination
23
Q
Stereotype Threat
A
The fear of prejudice about your group confirming itself and that your group will live up to those stereotypes, so you act like those stereotypes anyways.
- if you stereotype yourself a certain way, you’ll act like that
24
Q
How to fight the effects of stereotype threats:
A
self affirmation, education on this threat
25
Attribution
Judgements about causes of our own or other people’s behaviours or outcomes to give us a sense of order and expectation.
Connections between people, attributes, and behaviours.
26
What would mom say the stereotype threat is like?
a “self-fulfilling prophecy”
27
Personal Attribution
placing cause of behaviours or outcomes on internal factors
Eg: I failed an exam, I must be stupid
28
Situational Attribution
placing cause of behaviour or outcome on external forces (other people, accidents, etc.)
Eg: I failed my exam, it was because the professor is a hard marker and it was too hot to think clearly
29
Types of Attributional Biases (3):
1. Fundamental Attribution Error
2. Cultural Attribution
3. Nonverbal Behaviour Attribution
30
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency for people to underemphasize situational factors/explanations, while overemphasizing personality based factors when judging a situation
31
An actor getting typecasted is an example of:
Fundamental Attribution Error
32
What type of society is the Fundamental Attribution Error more common in?
individualist, western society - overestimating personal factors
33
Collectivist societies will emphasize _______ factors in attribution.
situational
34
Nonverbal Behaviour Attribution
judgements we make about others based on facial expressions, gestures, and movements done in a short amount of time
35
Affiliations
close associations with others
36
Why do we affiliate and have close relationships with people? (5)
1. Evolution
2. Companionship
3. Intimacy
4. Love
5. Basic need - social contact
37
Evolutionary Theory of Affiliation
- affiliation makes us more likely to survive: protection, reproduction
38
4 specific reasons for affiliation:
1. Positive stimulation
2. Receive emotional support
3. Gain attention
4. Social Comparison
39
Social Comparison
when we compare beliefs, feelings and behaviours to evaluate ourselves and see if we’re “normal” or fitting in with society
40
4 factors of INITIAL attraction:
1. Physical Proximity
2. Mere Exposure Effect / Familiarity
3. Similarity
4. Personal Characteristics
41
Theory of Physical Proximity in Attraction:
you are more likely to be friends with people you are often in the same area as
42
Mere Exposure Affect in Attraction:
you are attracted to people you become/are more familiar with
Eg: workplace enemies to lovers; trapped together trope; one bed trope
43
Similarity Effect in Attraction:
Birds of a feather flock together - we want people who can validate us, so we are attracted to people with similar phsyical traits, values, psychological attributes, and beliefs.
44
Personal Characteristics
People have specific characteristics they’re attracted to - we want but good people, but not too perfect they’re not relatable
45
Examples of commonly desired personal characteristics:
kind, dependable, trustworthy, reliable, competent
46
Evolutionary Perspective on Attractiveness:
attractive = better genes
47
what does symmetry represent in attractiveness (evolutionary psych)
health, high status
48
what does dominance represent in attractiveness in men (evolutionary psych)
high testosterone, wider face
49
What is Beautiful is Good Stereotype
what is beautiful is good; pretty privilege - we assume attractive people are more intelligent and sociable
50
What is a synonym for the “What is Beautiful is Good” stereotype?
Halo Effect
51
Matching Effect
People of similar physical attractiveness are drawn to each other
52
Passion (in the context of love)
intense emotional yearning, arousal, and sexual desire
(think honeymoon phase)
53
What are the three attributes used in the Triangular Theory of Love?
1. Intimacy
2. Passion
3. Commitment
54
passion
romance, phsyical attraction
55
What is the Triangular Theory of Love and how many subcategories of love does it create?
The idea that love is defined by three attributes: intimacy, passion, and commitment, which overlap to form 7 types of love.
56
7 Types of Love according to the Triangular Theory of Love
1. Consummate Love
2. Empty Love
3. Fatuous Love
4. Infatuated Love
5. Romantic Love
6. Liking Love
7. Companionate Love
57
Which and how many attributes in consummate love?
3 - intimacy, passion, commitment
58
What is the only type of love out of the 7 types of love within the Triangular Theory of Love that has all 3 qualities/attributes overlapped?
Consummate love
59
3 pairs of love attributes, 3 individual love attributes, and a triplet to define 7 types of love (1112223)
Triangular theory of love
60
Fatuous love attributes
passion and commitment
61
infatuated love
passion alone
62
Romantic love
intimacy and passion
63
Liking Love
intimacy alone
64
Companionate love
intimacy and commitment
65
What is the main influence a group has on an individual?
the desire to be accepted
66
Social Loafing
people don’t work as hard in a group as they do when they work alone - spend less individual effort when working in a group
67
What social phenomenon happens when people in a group don’t care about the subject of work they’re doing?
social loafing
68
What phenomenon is the Collective Effort Model related to?
Social Loafing
69
What is the Collective Effort Model?
The collective effort model explains that social loafing is more likely to occur when individual performance is not being monitored, the goal/task has little value to the person, the group is less important to the person, and the task is simple (4 factors).
70
Social Loafing is more likely to occur when:
(Collective Effort Model)
(4)
1. Individual performance not being monitored
2. Task/goal is of little importance to person
3. Group is of little importance to person
4. Task is simple, effort redundant
71
Group Polarization
- when initial group attitudes become more extreme over time due to the nature of those in the group
- when the AVERAGE polarization of the group becomes more extreme
72
Cause of Group Polarization
Conformity
73
Normal Social Influence
Agreeing with the group to fit in and avoid looking silly.
74
Informational Social Influence
we assume other people have accurate knowledge so we follow them - look to people around us to know what to do
75
Groupthink
suspending critical thinking to maintain agreement and cohesion - collectively being delusional together for the sake of BEING a collective
people want reassurance, even if it’s delusional
76
What causes groupthink? (4)
1. High Stress Pressure to make Decisions
2. Insolation from Outside Input
3. Directive Leader who promotes agenda
4. High group cohesion and loyalty
77
Groupthink can lead to (negative):
Bad decisions, poor reputation
78
US ignoring threats of Japanese attacks because the country collectively wanted to stay out of the war is an example of:
groupthink
79
The executive scientists for the Challenger being tired and under extreme stress, and ignoring the engineers telling them the launch wasn’t a good idea, leading to the Challenger explosion is an example of:
groupthink
80
How to Maintain Groupthink (3):
1. Remaining impartial
2. Critical thinking
3. Outside perspectives
81
Conformity
a type of social influence that involves change and adjustment in individuals beliefs to fit in
82
Solomon Ash’s line study studied the concept of
conformity
83
Factors Affecting Conformity
1. Group size
2. Presence of a dissenter
3. Type of Culture
84
Milgram study obedience Factors (3)
1. Remoteness of victim
2. Closeness and legitimacy of authority figure
3. Obedience influenced when someone else doing something
85
Compliance techniques
strategies to manipulate you
86
Compliance
tendency to agree to do the things that people ask of you even when you don’t want to
87
Norm of Reciprocity
To get someone to comply, be nice to them so they OWE you later
88
Door in Face Technique
big request that they’ll say no to and then ask for normal request so that it looks reasonable in comparison and they’re more likely to agree
89
Foot in Door Technique
small request, but don’t close the door just yet, here’s a slightly bigger request -> you already did the small thing, might as well do the big one
90
Attitude are made up by:
beliefs and values
91
attitudes influence
behaviour
92
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
We rationalize for conflicting attitudes because people want consistency in their cognition
93
cognitive dissonance is experienced when
two or more cognitions contradict
94
HOW is cognitive dissonance resolved?
by changing cognitions or adding new ones
rationalizing, justifying yourself
95
Counter Attitudinal Behaviour
when we perceive our actions were chosen rather than coerced - why did i act out of character?
96
Counter Attitudinal Behaivour can cause _______ because your idea of yourself does not match with your previous idea of yourself so you feel the need to justify and defend yourself.
cognitive dissonance
97
Persuasion
involves communication to audience with surrounding context
Active + conscious effort to change mind
98
Conformity Vs. Compliance Vs. Persuasion
Conformity - changing beliefs because you want to be accepted by the group
Compliance - agreeing to something even when you don’t actually want to do it
Persuasion - active and conscious effort to change a behaviour/attitude (beliefs and values) through a message
99
what is the strongest kind of persuasive message
emotional
100
Communicator Credibility
credible, seems professional, attractive, likeable, relatable
- eg: using celebrities to advertise
101
Message (3)
Emotion
Exposure
Two sided message to seem smart
102
Audience Elaboration Likelihood model (2)
1. central route to persuasion
2. Peripheral route to persuasion
103
Central route to persuasion
paying attention to and carefully analyzing the message if it compels you
104
peripheral route to persuasion
influenced by factors other than the sole message - how does the message make them FEEL, how attractive is the communicator of this message
105
The Mere Prescence of Others Hypothesis
presence of others can enhance or hinder the performance of different tasks
106
Dominant response in mere presence of others hypothesis
if people are around:
- task is easy/well-practiced -> perform well
- task is difficult -> more likely to mess up
107
eusociality
animals that are characterized by many generations living together, cooperative care of offspring, reproductive division of labour
108
personality characteristics of eusocial species
self-sacrificing, altruistic
109
Example of eusocial species
Naked mole rat
110
Aggression
any sort of BEHAVIOUR that inolves intention to phsyical or emotional harm another
- liike all behaviours, it is learned
111
Main neurotransmitter involved with aggression
Serotonin
112
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration leads to aggression
(This is disputed because pain also leads to it so but yeah)
113
Psychological factors of aggression
self-justification
attribution of intentionality
degree of empathy
114
Biological effects of aggression (3)
testosterone
SEROTONIN
MAO gene
115
Prosocial Behaviours
behaviours that have the intent of benefiting others
- altruism, empathy, socialization, modelling
116
Norms
Social rules that are typically praised and maintained
117
Norm of reciprocity
reciprocate when others treat us kindly
118
norm of social responsibility
help others and contribute to society (make it better)
119
Human Prosocial Beahivour
willing to help others based on how similar we are to them
120
Just-World Hypothesis
saying some people “get hwat they deserve” so you don’t have to feel h bad for or help someone.
121
Prosocial Modelling
give an example of people being Prosocial, and people might follow by learning from observation
122
Attitudes vs. Attributions
attitude - EVALUATION of something - feelings and beliefs
attribution - cause of something - trying to understand WHY something happened
