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PSYCH 105 Ch. 5-8 > Chapter 5 - Psychopathology / Psych Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Psychopathology / Psych Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What the general historical perspective for bad mental health?

A

demon possession (damn)

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2
Q

Trephination

A

hole drilling in skull to release demons/bad mental health

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3
Q

Hippocrates Theory on Mental Disorders

A

imbalance in body - mania, melancholia, phrenitis

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4
Q

Psychopathology

A

psychological disorder, sickness of the mind

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5
Q

3Ds of Social Construct

A

Distressing, dysfunctional, deviant

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6
Q

Distressing

A

distressing to self or others: long lasting, intense, distressing

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7
Q

Dysfunctional

A

for person or society

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8
Q

Maladaptive

A

causing someone to not operate as expected - unhelpful for the situation

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9
Q

Deviant

A

Violating social norms/implicit rules

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10
Q

Abnormal Behaviour

A

behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviate

A.K.A: inappropriate, maladaptive

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11
Q

Vulnerability-Stress model

A
  • the idea that each of us have a vulnerability (high to low level) of developing a psych disorder when there’s enough stress present
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12
Q

Vulnerabilities (examples)

A

nervous system, genetics, neurotransmitters, low self-esteem, personality

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13
Q

Stressors (examples)

A

stressors that could bring out a psych disorder:

environmental trauma
loss
abuse

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14
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition)

  • detailed behaviour present for diagnosis
  • groups disorders based on symptoms
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15
Q

3 sections of DSM-5

A
  1. Introduction
  2. Diagnostic Criteria
  3. Guide for Future Research (unofficially recognized conditions)
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16
Q

Dimensional Approach

A
  • the idea that the presentation of mental disorders is on a SPECTRUM - you can’t just push people into distinct categories
  • people with the same disorder can have a different rate presence and different severity of symptoms
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17
Q

Comorbidity

A
  • 2 or more distinct psychological disorders present within a person at once
  • overlap
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18
Q

P factor

A
  • explanation for comorbidity
  • like the g factor of intelligence but for psychopathology
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19
Q

P factor general lifelong pattern:

A
  • born low in p factor, stays low
  • born high in p factor, stays high
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20
Q

internalizing disorder

A
  • mental disorder in which symptoms are more directed inward (feelings, mindset; eg: depression)
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21
Q

Externalizing disorder

A

Mental disorders that involve behaviours that are directed outwards - eg: aggression, conduct problems, substance abuse

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22
Q

What affects the diagnoses of internalizing and externalizing disorders?

A

Cultural shaping/sex typing

  • women are more likely to be diagnosed for internalizing disorders while men are more likely to be neglected for those
  • men are diagnosed higher for externalizing disorders
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23
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

When a person experiences a frequency and intensity of anxiety out of proportion in compared to the triggers, in a way that impedes daily life.

  • experiencing anxiety in the absence of true danger
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24
Q

4 symptoms of Anxiety Disorders

A
  1. Emotional
  2. Cognitive
  3. Physiological
  4. Behavioural
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25
Q

Emotional Symptom of Anxiety

A

Tension, apprehension

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26
Q

Cognitive Symptom of Anxiety

A

worry, THOUGHTS about inability to cope

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27
Q

Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety

A

Heart rate, muscle tension, stomach pain

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28
Q

Behavioural Symptoms of Anxiety

A

Avoidance of feared situations
Decreased task performance
Increased startle response

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29
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Free floating anxiety with no specific trigger that can last for months. Overall, anxiety over every little thing.

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30
Q

Phobia

A

Intense, irrational, and exaggerated fear over a specific object or situation.

People with phobias take drastic measures to avoid experiencing or seeing their specific phobia.

They understand the phobia is irrational but still feel helpless within it anyways.

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31
Q

Degree of Impairment

A
  • how badly you’re affected by a certain phobia or mental disorder in general
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32
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of open, public spaces
- excessive fear of situations in which you could be evaluated and embarrassed

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33
Q

What does agoraphobia stem from?

A

intense childhood shyness

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34
Q

Xanthophobia

A

fear of the colour yellow

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35
Q

Phobic Disorder

A
  • intense, exaggerated, and unnatural fear about a specific object or situation that can cause a visceral reaction like shaking, heart rate increase, shrinking inwards, passing out, or trying to move away from
  • different levels of impairment, like all mental illnesses
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36
Q

How are phobias typically developed?

A

traumatic experiences

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37
Q

At what age do phobias typically develop?

A

at 7-12 years of age

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38
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

mental disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions) that a person feels compelled to perform in response to these obsessions.

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39
Q

Pure Obsession

A

A form of OCD in which there is no behavioural or compulsive component, just the obsessions.

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40
Q

2 components of OCD:

A
  1. cognitive
  2. behavioural
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41
Q

Cognitive Component (OCD)

A

obsessions, repetitive intrusive thoughts

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42
Q

Behavioural Component (OCD)

A

Repetitive beahviours to reduce anxiety, consisting of fruitless, frantic actions, and ritual behaviours.

Eg: compulsion to count, clean, check on things

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43
Q

What does the Pure Obsession form of OCD typically stem from?

A
  • a deficit of love in childhood which leads to intense self-loathing and shame
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44
Q

What disorder does behaviours like skin picking, hair pulling, and excessive cleaning to reduce obsessive thoughts belong to?

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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45
Q

At what age does OCD typically start?

A

20

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46
Q

How can OCD be presented in animals?

A

ritual behaviours

  • examples: dog that licks the same spot over and over; animal that constantly chases its tail
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47
Q

3 Causal Factors for Anxiety Disorders

A
  1. Biological
  2. Differences in Sex
  3. Evolutionary
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48
Q

Biological Factors (Anxiety Disorders)

A
  • genetics
  • 40% chance of identical twins sharing anxiety disorder
  • 4% of fraternal twins sharing anxiety disorder
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49
Q

What are the 3 neurotransmitters involved with Anxiety Disorders?

A
  1. GABA
  2. Serotonin
  3. Glutamate
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50
Q

GABA neurotransmitter

A

inhibitory transmitter than reduces neural activity in our amygdala (fight or flight)

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51
Q

Anxiety and GABA

A
  • low GABA (low inhibiting of activity in amygdala) could mean highly reactive nervous system
  • overly strong arousal response -> anxiety
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52
Q

Serotonin Deficiency in Anxiety

A
  • issues with memory and reward
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53
Q

OCD medical trigger:

A

painful and repetitive diseases like Strep-Throat - like when I had strep throat and I became a bit of a hypochondriac for a solid 2 months and was constantly stressed and anxious about getting sick again - not exactly full OCD, but more along the lines of “pure obsession”

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54
Q

Differences in Sex (Anxiety)

A
  • more females diagnosed with anxiety
  • sex-linked biological disposition
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55
Q

Evolutionary Factors (Anxiety)

A
  • we develop anxiety towards things that were harmful to our ancestors
  • idea that certain anxieties can be innate, not just learned
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56
Q

Psychoanalytic Explanation of Anxiety

A

Freud: neuroticism - fear of losing control and indulging in your intrusive thoughts to hurt yourself or others sexually, physically, mentally, emotionally and getting stuck in your thoughts

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57
Q

Cognitive Explanation of Anxiety

A

Maladaptive thought patterns and beliefs related to your anxieties and anxiety itself. People with anxiety anticipate the worst will happen and they can’t do anything to stop it.

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58
Q

Koro

A

A culturally bound anxiety disorder in Japanese men in which they fear their penis retracting into their abdomen and killing them.

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59
Q

Taijin Kyofushu

A

A culturally bound anxiety disorder in Japan that consists of being preoccupied with offending someone with their smell or by staring rudely.

Politeness and self-consciousness to the extreme.

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60
Q

Eating Disorders

A

A subcategory of anxiety disorder that causes abnormal behaviours towards food and eating.

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61
Q

3 Eating Disorders covered in this chapter:

A
  1. Anorexia Nervosa
  2. Bulimia Nervosa
  3. Binge-eating Disorder
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62
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

An intense fear of being fat leads to a severely restrictive intake of food.

Starve yourself to death.

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63
Q

Which sex is more likely to develop anorexia?

A

Males and females are equally likely to develop anorexia.

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64
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Consists of binging (eating large amounts of food at one time) to cope with negative emotions and stress, and then purging (throwing the all the food up) to deal with the guilt and shame of eating so much, and the fear of gaining weight.

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65
Q

2 Physical Repercussions of Bulimia Nervosa

A
  1. Gastric Issues
  2. Badly eroded teeth (vomiting)
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66
Q

What is the theory associated with environmental, psychological, biological, and cultural causes of Bulimia?

A

Objectification Theory

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67
Q

Objectification Theory as a Cause of Bulimia

A
  • Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as an object
  • beauty is equated with fitness (western countries, asian countries)
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68
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

Binging to cope with negative emotions and stress, and then feeling guilty about eating so much. DOES NOT PURGE.

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69
Q

Personality Factors in Anorexics

A
  • perfectionists
  • high achievers/standards
  • inability to deal with stress
  • “winning” against food mindset
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70
Q

Personality Factors of Bulimics

A
  • depressed
  • anxious
  • low impulse control (hence the binging)
  • guilt (response to guilt and anxiety and depression is purging)
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71
Q

Genetic Factors

A
  • high concordance rates among identical twins
72
Q

Eating Disorders Main Neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin abnormality (bidirectional issue though: does eating disorder cause serotonin drop or does serotonin drop cause eating disorder)

73
Q

Pica

A
  • eating disorder where one eats non-food objects - eg: glass, sand, dirt
74
Q

Social Eating (animals)

A
  • some animals will only eat unless they’re in the presence of their owners/other animals
  • like how Jewels prefer if I watch her eat
75
Q

Mood Disorders/Mood Affective Disorders

A

Emotion based disorders that involve depression and mania.

76
Q

Affective

A

Term relating to emotions, moods, feelings.

77
Q

Clinical Depression

A

A mood disorder characterized by intense, frequent, enduring depressive symptoms that are out of proportion to the situation.

Used interchangeably with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

78
Q

Major Depression / Major Depressive Disorder

A

Depression that leaves a person unable to function effectively (socially, occupationally). A person must experience at least one major depressive episode to be diagnosed with MDD.

79
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

Depressed mood and loss of interest in pleasurable activities for at least two weeks.

80
Q

What are some symptoms of Major Depression? How long can MDD persist?

A
  • depressed mood
  • sadness
  • changes in weight, appetite, sleep
  • insomnia
  • oversleeping
  • low energy
  • concentration difficulties
  • suicidal thoughts

Can persist for months or years.

81
Q

Persistent Depression Disorder

A

Mood disorder involving less intense depression (mild-moderate in severity) that lasts over a longer period of time, usually at least a decade. (10-20 years)

82
Q

4 Types of Mood Disorder Symptoms

A

Emotional, Cognitive, Motivational, Somatic
(EMCS)

83
Q

Emotional Symptoms (depression)

A

sadness, misery, loneliness; inability to experience pleasure

84
Q

Cognitive Symptoms (depression)

A

Remember Cognitive means related to THINKING and THOUGHTS

Difficulty concentrating, difficulty making decisions, feelings of inferiority, incompetence, inadequacy, low self-esteem, self-loathing, blaming themselves, pessimism, low self-efficacy.

85
Q

Motivational Symptoms

A
  • Inability to start or perform simple tasks/behaviours that might accomplish a goal.
  • difficulty getting out of bed
  • difficulty studying
  • slow movements and speaking (severe depression)
86
Q

Somatic Symptoms

A
  • loss of appetite
  • weight gain
  • weight loss
  • insomnia
  • fatigue
87
Q

Depression + Depression in Animals

A

loss of interest, pleasure

*remember all disorders with animals are observation based because we can’t ask for their thoughts

88
Q

How to Measure Depression in Animals

A

measured by sleep, sexual activity, appetite - willingness to survive

89
Q

Forced Swim Test

A
  • used to measure depression in animals: put a mouse in a beaker of water and see how long it takes trying to escape/survive by swimming/treading water (no mice are actually harmed in this)
  • less time spent = possibly depressed
  • more time spent = probably not depressed
90
Q

Anhedonia

A

loss of interest in pleasurable activities

91
Q

Can animals understand facial expressions of each other and of humans?

A

Yes.

92
Q

What can cause depression and anxiety in an animal?

A

poor environment, stress

93
Q

Nicolas Dodman

A

Studied horse cribbing - grinding teeth - he theorized it was due to stress

94
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

A mood affective disorder characterized by depression (dominant state) alternating with mania.

95
Q

Mania

A

A highly excited, positive, euphoric, no limits attitude and mood that is out of character for the bipolar person, enduring for about a week.

Impulsivity leading to detrimental behaviours (buying sprees, unsafe sex, hyper-sexuality, drug use) , less sleep, racing thoughts, fast speech, increase in energy

96
Q

2 Types of Bipolar

A

Bipolar I - mania
Bipolar II - depression, hypomania (less extreme)

97
Q

Bipolar I

A
  • type of Bipolar Disorder characterized by intense mania
  • a person does NOT need to have depressive episodes for a bipolar I diagnosis (but they are common in bipolar I anyways)
98
Q

Bipolar II

A
  • type of bipolar disorder more characterized by depressive episodes - need AT LEAST one major depressive episode (severe depression persisting for 2 weeks) to be diagnosed
  • hypomania
99
Q

Hypomania

A
  • less extreme mania
  • extremely depressed to mildly elevated mood in which the person is productive in a rewarding way
100
Q

Main way in which the 2 types of Bipolar differ

A

bipolar I - full mania REQUIRED, depression not required

bipolar II - depression REQUIRED, hypomania

101
Q

4 Causal Factors of Mood Disorders

A

Biological, Psychological, Environmental, Sociocultural

102
Q

3 Neurotransmitters related to Mood Disorders

A

Under-activity or overactivity (mania) of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (reward and pleasure systems)

Treatment: increase activity

103
Q

Depression

A

motivation and mood disorder

104
Q

What are the neurotransmitters involved in mania, and what about these neurotransmitters causes mania?

A

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin - overproduction

105
Q

Psychological/cognitive factors (Depression)

A

negative thoughts about everything that cannot be suppressed maladaptive/bad/unhelpful cognitive processes

106
Q

Cognitive Processes

A

Thought patterns

107
Q

Environmental Causes of Depression

A

loss, decreases in reinforcement/encouragement in life, poor parenting, bullying, trauma, depression alienates people

108
Q

Depression in Western Culture:

A

guilt, personal inadequacies

109
Q

Depression in Latin/Eastern/African cultures:

A

Fatigue, sleep difficulties

110
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders

A

Physical/bodily disorders without biological explanation that are most likely caused by psychological factors.

111
Q

Hypochondriasis/hypochondriac

A

an illness anxiety disorder in which someone convinces themselves they have a very serious illness

112
Q

What somatic symptom disorder does Devi from Never Have I Ever Have?

A

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

113
Q

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

A

anatomically impossible paralysis or loss or sensation or blindness

114
Q

what causes Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder?

A

Experiencing or witnessing extremely traumatic events

115
Q

What is Freud’s Theory on Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder? (FNSD)

A

repressed emotions and underlying conflict manifesting itself as a physical symptom -> increase in somatic disorders in cultures that discourage talking about emotions/ones that stigmatize mental health

116
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Directly translates to “split mind.” Categorized by alternations in thought and perception and a general disconnect in reality.

117
Q

Schizophrenia Diagnostic Criteria

A
  • misinterpreting reality
  • disordered attention, thought, perception (eg: hearing voices)
  • withdrawal from social interactions
  • odd, inappropriate communication
  • behavioural anomalies
  • neglected hygiene
118
Q

Types of Schizophrenia

A

Type I - POSITIVE symptoms
Type II - NEGATIVE symptoms

119
Q

Type I Schizophrenia

A

positive symptoms - things that are present in people with schizophrenia but not in the average person - ADDING something

120
Q

Examples of Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech

121
Q

Delusions

A
  • positive symptom of schizophrenia, false BELIEFS about reality, THOUGHTS that persist even when shown evidence that contradicts it
122
Q

Grandiose Delusions

A

Delusion/false belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent

123
Q

Control Delusion

A

false, irrational belief that one is being controlled by outside forces

124
Q

Identity Belief Delusion

A

Delusion/belief that you are someone else - eg: belief you are in fact Jesus Christ.

125
Q

Broadcasting Belief (delusion)

A

Belief that your private thoughts are actually being transmitted to other people.

126
Q

Thought Withdrawal Delusion

A

Delusion/false belief that someone is robbing you of your thoughts - eg: the CIA robbing all of our thoughts

127
Q

Prosecution Delusion

A

Convinced someone is mistreating you, or conspiring against you and your loved ones.

“They’re all out to get me.”

128
Q

Hallucinations

A

Positive symptom, FALSE vivid physical SENSORY perceptions, experienced without any source

129
Q

Auditory hallucinations

A

hearing voices - in Western society the voices are typically evil or dangerous, while in eastern society the voices can be dangerous AND/OR positive

130
Q

Tactile hallucinations

A

Physically sensing things that aren’t actually there - feeling crawling on your skin, smelling odours that aren’t present

131
Q

Visual hallucinations

A

seeing stuff that isn’t actually there

132
Q

Disordered Behaviour (schizophrenia)

A
  • self explanatory: disordered behaviour and language; unpredictable agitation; wearing a ton of clothing when it’s hot; bad hygiene; weird pacing back and forth; issues with daily functioning; distressed
  • think mentally disturbed person walking around on the street
133
Q

Type II Schizophrenia

A

negative symptoms, things that are present in the average person but NOT in the person with schizophrenia - they are MISSING things that the average functioning person has

134
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Symptoms characterized by a LACK of something a typical functioning person has.

135
Q

Examples of Negative Symptoms

A
  • apathy
  • lack of emotion + emotional expression
  • anti-social
  • slowed movement and speech
136
Q

Inappropriate Affect

A
  • displaying certain emotions inappropriately/in inappropriate settings
137
Q

Examples of Inappropriate Affect

A
  • having opposite affective/emotional reactions in certain situations - eg: sobbing and screaming in pain when told good news; laughing at an extremely sad story
138
Q

Causal Factors of Schizophrenia (3)

A
  1. Biological
  2. Environmental
  3. Sociocultural (honestly almost all the disorders have similar umbrella causal factors)
139
Q

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

A

Brain abnormalities (structural abnormalities)

140
Q

Neurodegenerative Hypothesis

A

Destruction of neural tissue (schizophrenia)

141
Q

Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia (3)

A
  • enlarged ventricles (cavities containing cerebral fluid)
  • brain atrophy difference
  • thalamus difference (sensory input controller)
142
Q

Role of Thalamus

A

Controls sensory input (could be explanation for attention and perception issues in schizophrenia)

143
Q

Difference in Brain Atrophy (schizophrenia)

A

loss or deterioration of neurons in central cortex + limbic systems (brain structures responsible for cognitive processing, emotion/affective functions)

144
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A
  • POSITIVE symptoms of schizophrenia could be produced by OVERPRODUCTION and OVERACTIVITY of DOPAMINE in areas of the brain associated with emotional expression and motivation
  • more dopamine receptors in schizophrenic people
145
Q

What is used to treat an excessive amount of dopamine activity in schizophrenia?

A

antipsychotics

146
Q

Environmental Factors for Schizophrenia

A

Stressful life events, family dynamics, high expressed emotion

147
Q

High Expressed Emotion

A

High levels of criticism, hostility, and over-involvement (hovering) in a home environment - think mom

148
Q

Sociocultural Factors in Schizophrenia

A
  • lower socioeconomic population - more prevalent schizophrenia
149
Q

Social Causation Hypothesis

A

the idea that lower income individuals are exposed to higher levels of stress in urban environments, so there is a greater chance of becoming mentally ill

150
Q

Western Schizophrenia - individualist or collectivist influences?

A
  • individualist
  • hearing voices feels like an invasion of the self, violent by nature
151
Q

Does schizophrenia show up in animals?

A

NO.

It’s a uniquely human disorder -> brains have higher level of cognition

152
Q

Human Accelerated Region

A
  • short pieces of DNA in the human brain that have been conserved in animals but developed in humans
  • could be a reason for schizophrenia in humans but not animals - more complex, more can go wrong
153
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

A disorder involved with experiencing a disruption or lack of continuity of one’s personality (thought patterns, memory, actions), resulting in alternation, memory, identity, and awareness.

Loss of connection with thought, memories, feelings, surroundings, behaviour, identity.

Like that one time I thought if we crashed the car nothing would happen because nothing was real and we were in a dream but IRL we were awake and I couldn’t breathe.

154
Q

What SPECIFICALLY causes Dissociative Disorders?

A

Trauma

155
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

responding to a traumatic/stressful event with extensive but SELECTIVE memory loss, loss of identity

156
Q

What causes dissociative amnesia?

A

dissociating during the traumatic event

157
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

a more extreme form of dissociative amnesia that involves the ADDING of a new identity - a person can wake up and not know where they were after a fugue state because they were living another identity

158
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

two or more separate distinct, identities within an individual

159
Q

Primary host

A

the identity that appears most within a person with Dissociative identity disorder

160
Q

Alter

A

the other identities of a person with DID besides the primary host (appear less often, adjacent to the host)

161
Q

DID identities can:

A
  • have their own memories, behaviours, physiology
  • don’t always know about each other
  • some alters aren’t even human
162
Q

Physical impacts of DID

A
  • different allergies
  • different eyesights
  • different menstrual cycles
163
Q

Trauma Dissociation Theory

A
  • development of NEW IDENTITIES occurs in response to severe stress that typically begins in childhood - child dissociates and creates an alternate identity to remove themselves from the trauma
164
Q

Treatment Options for DID (2)

A
  1. collapsing of identities
  2. fixing the trauma
165
Q

what can cause the presence of more alters in a person with DID?

A

more trauma

  • DID prevalent in places with conditions of war or extreme natural disasters; abuse, neglect
166
Q

Stable, ingrained, INFLEXIBLE maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

A

personality disorder

167
Q

What causes borderline personality disorder (Environmental)

A

inconsistent, abusive, non-affirming parenting, emotional, physical abuse

168
Q

What causes borderline personality disorder (biological)

A

abnormal dopamine, serotonin (lack of)

169
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

dramatic, emotional, impulsive behaviours, turbulent relationships, and suicidal threats, weak sense of identity

170
Q

Lack of conscience and concern for other people, lack of anxiety and guilt, impulsivity, inability to delay gratification, hedonistic, deceitful, disregard societal laws, highly manipulative

A

antisocial personality disorder

171
Q

Psychopath

A

someone with an extreme case of antisocial personality disorder

172
Q

Psychopathy

A

mental disorder in which someone manifests amoral antisocial behaviour

173
Q

Extreme egocentricity, failure to learn from previous experiences, fake sincerity, little empathy and consciousness

A

psychopathy

174
Q

What could be a neurological cause of ASPD?

A

AMYGDALA and PREFRONTAL CORTEX under active, under aroused - self control and strong emotions (aggression, pleasure) - not being taken care of

175
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, attention, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions.

PSYCH 105 Ch. 5-8 (4 decks)

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