Chapter 5 - Psychopathology / Psych Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What the general historical perspective for bad mental health?
A
demon possession (damn)
2
Q
Trephination
A
hole drilling in skull to release demons/bad mental health
3
Q
Hippocrates Theory on Mental Disorders
A
imbalance in body - mania, melancholia, phrenitis
4
Q
Psychopathology
A
psychological disorder, sickness of the mind
5
Q
3Ds of Social Construct
A
Distressing, dysfunctional, deviant
6
Q
Distressing
A
distressing to self or others: long lasting, intense, distressing
7
Q
Dysfunctional
A
for person or society
8
Q
Maladaptive
A
causing someone to not operate as expected - unhelpful for the situation
9
Q
Deviant
A
Violating social norms/implicit rules
10
Q
Abnormal Behaviour
A
behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviate
A.K.A: inappropriate, maladaptive
11
Q
Vulnerability-Stress model
A
- the idea that each of us have a vulnerability (high to low level) of developing a psych disorder when there’s enough stress present
12
Q
Vulnerabilities (examples)
A
nervous system, genetics, neurotransmitters, low self-esteem, personality
13
Q
Stressors (examples)
A
stressors that could bring out a psych disorder:
environmental trauma
loss
abuse
14
Q
DSM-5
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition)
- detailed behaviour present for diagnosis
- groups disorders based on symptoms
15
Q
3 sections of DSM-5
A
- Introduction
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Guide for Future Research (unofficially recognized conditions)
16
Q
Dimensional Approach
A
- the idea that the presentation of mental disorders is on a SPECTRUM - you can’t just push people into distinct categories
- people with the same disorder can have a different rate presence and different severity of symptoms
17
Q
Comorbidity
A
- 2 or more distinct psychological disorders present within a person at once
- overlap
18
Q
P factor
A
- explanation for comorbidity
- like the g factor of intelligence but for psychopathology
19
Q
P factor general lifelong pattern:
A
- born low in p factor, stays low
- born high in p factor, stays high
20
Q
internalizing disorder
A
- mental disorder in which symptoms are more directed inward (feelings, mindset; eg: depression)
21
Q
Externalizing disorder
A
Mental disorders that involve behaviours that are directed outwards - eg: aggression, conduct problems, substance abuse
22
Q
What affects the diagnoses of internalizing and externalizing disorders?
A
Cultural shaping/sex typing
- women are more likely to be diagnosed for internalizing disorders while men are more likely to be neglected for those
- men are diagnosed higher for externalizing disorders
23
Q
Anxiety disorders
A
When a person experiences a frequency and intensity of anxiety out of proportion in compared to the triggers, in a way that impedes daily life.
- experiencing anxiety in the absence of true danger
24
Q
4 symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
A
- Emotional
- Cognitive
- Physiological
- Behavioural
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Emotional Symptom of Anxiety
Tension, apprehension
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Cognitive Symptom of Anxiety
worry, THOUGHTS about inability to cope
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Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety
Heart rate, muscle tension, stomach pain
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Behavioural Symptoms of Anxiety
Avoidance of feared situations
Decreased task performance
Increased startle response
29
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Free floating anxiety with no specific trigger that can last for months. Overall, anxiety over every little thing.
30
Phobia
Intense, irrational, and exaggerated fear over a specific object or situation.
People with phobias take drastic measures to avoid experiencing or seeing their specific phobia.
They understand the phobia is irrational but still feel helpless within it anyways.
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Degree of Impairment
- how badly you’re affected by a certain phobia or mental disorder in general
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Agoraphobia
fear of open, public spaces
- excessive fear of situations in which you could be evaluated and embarrassed
33
What does agoraphobia stem from?
intense childhood shyness
34
Xanthophobia
fear of the colour yellow
35
Phobic Disorder
- intense, exaggerated, and unnatural fear about a specific object or situation that can cause a visceral reaction like shaking, heart rate increase, shrinking inwards, passing out, or trying to move away from
- different levels of impairment, like all mental illnesses
36
How are phobias typically developed?
traumatic experiences
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At what age do phobias typically develop?
at 7-12 years of age
38
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
mental disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions) that a person feels compelled to perform in response to these obsessions.
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Pure Obsession
A form of OCD in which there is no behavioural or compulsive component, just the obsessions.
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2 components of OCD:
1. cognitive
2. behavioural
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Cognitive Component (OCD)
obsessions, repetitive intrusive thoughts
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Behavioural Component (OCD)
Repetitive beahviours to reduce anxiety, consisting of fruitless, frantic actions, and ritual behaviours.
Eg: compulsion to count, clean, check on things
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What does the Pure Obsession form of OCD typically stem from?
- a deficit of love in childhood which leads to intense self-loathing and shame
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What disorder does behaviours like skin picking, hair pulling, and excessive cleaning to reduce obsessive thoughts belong to?
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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At what age does OCD typically start?
20
46
How can OCD be presented in animals?
ritual behaviours
- examples: dog that licks the same spot over and over; animal that constantly chases its tail
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3 Causal Factors for Anxiety Disorders
1. Biological
2. Differences in Sex
3. Evolutionary
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Biological Factors (Anxiety Disorders)
- genetics
- 40% chance of identical twins sharing anxiety disorder
- 4% of fraternal twins sharing anxiety disorder
49
What are the 3 neurotransmitters involved with Anxiety Disorders?
1. GABA
2. Serotonin
3. Glutamate
50
GABA neurotransmitter
inhibitory transmitter than reduces neural activity in our amygdala (fight or flight)
51
Anxiety and GABA
- low GABA (low inhibiting of activity in amygdala) could mean highly reactive nervous system
- overly strong arousal response -> anxiety
52
Serotonin Deficiency in Anxiety
- issues with memory and reward
53
OCD medical trigger:
painful and repetitive diseases like Strep-Throat - like when I had strep throat and I became a bit of a hypochondriac for a solid 2 months and was constantly stressed and anxious about getting sick again - not exactly full OCD, but more along the lines of “pure obsession”
54
Differences in Sex (Anxiety)
- more females diagnosed with anxiety
- sex-linked biological disposition
55
Evolutionary Factors (Anxiety)
- we develop anxiety towards things that were harmful to our ancestors
- idea that certain anxieties can be innate, not just learned
56
Psychoanalytic Explanation of Anxiety
Freud: neuroticism - fear of losing control and indulging in your intrusive thoughts to hurt yourself or others sexually, physically, mentally, emotionally and getting stuck in your thoughts
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Cognitive Explanation of Anxiety
Maladaptive thought patterns and beliefs related to your anxieties and anxiety itself. People with anxiety anticipate the worst will happen and they can’t do anything to stop it.
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Koro
A culturally bound anxiety disorder in Japanese men in which they fear their penis retracting into their abdomen and killing them.
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Taijin Kyofushu
A culturally bound anxiety disorder in Japan that consists of being preoccupied with offending someone with their smell or by staring rudely.
Politeness and self-consciousness to the extreme.
60
Eating Disorders
A subcategory of anxiety disorder that causes abnormal behaviours towards food and eating.
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3 Eating Disorders covered in this chapter:
1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
3. Binge-eating Disorder
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Anorexia Nervosa
An intense fear of being fat leads to a severely restrictive intake of food.
Starve yourself to death.
63
Which sex is more likely to develop anorexia?
Males and females are equally likely to develop anorexia.
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Bulimia Nervosa
Consists of binging (eating large amounts of food at one time) to cope with negative emotions and stress, and then purging (throwing the all the food up) to deal with the guilt and shame of eating so much, and the fear of gaining weight.
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2 Physical Repercussions of Bulimia Nervosa
1. Gastric Issues
2. Badly eroded teeth (vomiting)
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What is the theory associated with environmental, psychological, biological, and cultural causes of Bulimia?
Objectification Theory
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Objectification Theory as a Cause of Bulimia
- Cultural emphasis on viewing one’s body as an object
- beauty is equated with fitness (western countries, asian countries)
68
Binge Eating Disorder
Binging to cope with negative emotions and stress, and then feeling guilty about eating so much. DOES NOT PURGE.
69
Personality Factors in Anorexics
- perfectionists
- high achievers/standards
- inability to deal with stress
- “winning” against food mindset
70
Personality Factors of Bulimics
- depressed
- anxious
- low impulse control (hence the binging)
- guilt (response to guilt and anxiety and depression is purging)
71
Genetic Factors
- high concordance rates among identical twins
72
Eating Disorders Main Neurotransmitter
Serotonin abnormality (bidirectional issue though: does eating disorder cause serotonin drop or does serotonin drop cause eating disorder)
73
Pica
- eating disorder where one eats non-food objects - eg: glass, sand, dirt
74
Social Eating (animals)
- some animals will only eat unless they’re in the presence of their owners/other animals
- like how Jewels prefer if I watch her eat
75
Mood Disorders/Mood Affective Disorders
Emotion based disorders that involve depression and mania.
76
Affective
Term relating to emotions, moods, feelings.
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Clinical Depression
A mood disorder characterized by intense, frequent, enduring depressive symptoms that are out of proportion to the situation.
Used interchangeably with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).
78
Major Depression / Major Depressive Disorder
Depression that leaves a person unable to function effectively (socially, occupationally). A person must experience at least one major depressive episode to be diagnosed with MDD.
79
Major Depressive Episode
Depressed mood and loss of interest in pleasurable activities for at least two weeks.
80
What are some symptoms of Major Depression? How long can MDD persist?
- depressed mood
- sadness
- changes in weight, appetite, sleep
- insomnia
- oversleeping
- low energy
- concentration difficulties
- suicidal thoughts
Can persist for months or years.
81
Persistent Depression Disorder
Mood disorder involving less intense depression (mild-moderate in severity) that lasts over a longer period of time, usually at least a decade. (10-20 years)
82
4 Types of Mood Disorder Symptoms
Emotional, Cognitive, Motivational, Somatic
(EMCS)
83
Emotional Symptoms (depression)
sadness, misery, loneliness; inability to experience pleasure
84
Cognitive Symptoms (depression)
Remember Cognitive means related to THINKING and THOUGHTS
Difficulty concentrating, difficulty making decisions, feelings of inferiority, incompetence, inadequacy, low self-esteem, self-loathing, blaming themselves, pessimism, low self-efficacy.
85
Motivational Symptoms
- Inability to start or perform simple tasks/behaviours that might accomplish a goal.
- difficulty getting out of bed
- difficulty studying
- slow movements and speaking (severe depression)
86
Somatic Symptoms
- loss of appetite
- weight gain
- weight loss
- insomnia
- fatigue
87
Depression + Depression in Animals
loss of interest, pleasure
*remember all disorders with animals are observation based because we can’t ask for their thoughts
88
How to Measure Depression in Animals
measured by sleep, sexual activity, appetite - willingness to survive
89
Forced Swim Test
- used to measure depression in animals: put a mouse in a beaker of water and see how long it takes trying to escape/survive by swimming/treading water (no mice are actually harmed in this)
- less time spent = possibly depressed
- more time spent = probably not depressed
90
Anhedonia
loss of interest in pleasurable activities
91
Can animals understand facial expressions of each other and of humans?
Yes.
92
What can cause depression and anxiety in an animal?
poor environment, stress
93
Nicolas Dodman
Studied horse cribbing - grinding teeth - he theorized it was due to stress
94
Bipolar Disorder
A mood affective disorder characterized by depression (dominant state) alternating with mania.
95
Mania
A highly excited, positive, euphoric, no limits attitude and mood that is out of character for the bipolar person, enduring for about a week.
Impulsivity leading to detrimental behaviours (buying sprees, unsafe sex, hyper-sexuality, drug use) , less sleep, racing thoughts, fast speech, increase in energy
96
2 Types of Bipolar
Bipolar I - mania
Bipolar II - depression, hypomania (less extreme)
97
Bipolar I
- type of Bipolar Disorder characterized by intense mania
- a person does NOT need to have depressive episodes for a bipolar I diagnosis (but they are common in bipolar I anyways)
98
Bipolar II
- type of bipolar disorder more characterized by depressive episodes - need AT LEAST one major depressive episode (severe depression persisting for 2 weeks) to be diagnosed
- hypomania
99
Hypomania
- less extreme mania
- extremely depressed to mildly elevated mood in which the person is productive in a rewarding way
100
Main way in which the 2 types of Bipolar differ
bipolar I - full mania REQUIRED, depression not required
bipolar II - depression REQUIRED, hypomania
101
4 Causal Factors of Mood Disorders
Biological, Psychological, Environmental, Sociocultural
102
3 Neurotransmitters related to Mood Disorders
Under-activity or overactivity (mania) of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (reward and pleasure systems)
Treatment: increase activity
103
Depression
motivation and mood disorder
104
What are the neurotransmitters involved in mania, and what about these neurotransmitters causes mania?
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin - overproduction
105
Psychological/cognitive factors (Depression)
negative thoughts about everything that cannot be suppressed maladaptive/bad/unhelpful cognitive processes
106
Cognitive Processes
Thought patterns
107
Environmental Causes of Depression
loss, decreases in reinforcement/encouragement in life, poor parenting, bullying, trauma, depression alienates people
108
Depression in Western Culture:
guilt, personal inadequacies
109
Depression in Latin/Eastern/African cultures:
Fatigue, sleep difficulties
110
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Physical/bodily disorders without biological explanation that are most likely caused by psychological factors.
111
Hypochondriasis/hypochondriac
an illness anxiety disorder in which someone convinces themselves they have a very serious illness
112
What somatic symptom disorder does Devi from Never Have I Ever Have?
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
113
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
anatomically impossible paralysis or loss or sensation or blindness
114
what causes Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder?
Experiencing or witnessing extremely traumatic events
115
What is Freud’s Theory on Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder? (FNSD)
repressed emotions and underlying conflict manifesting itself as a physical symptom -> increase in somatic disorders in cultures that discourage talking about emotions/ones that stigmatize mental health
116
Schizophrenia
Directly translates to “split mind.” Categorized by alternations in thought and perception and a general disconnect in reality.
117
Schizophrenia Diagnostic Criteria
- misinterpreting reality
- disordered attention, thought, perception (eg: hearing voices)
- withdrawal from social interactions
- odd, inappropriate communication
- behavioural anomalies
- neglected hygiene
118
Types of Schizophrenia
Type I - POSITIVE symptoms
Type II - NEGATIVE symptoms
119
Type I Schizophrenia
positive symptoms - things that are present in people with schizophrenia but not in the average person - ADDING something
120
Examples of Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech
121
Delusions
- positive symptom of schizophrenia, false BELIEFS about reality, THOUGHTS that persist even when shown evidence that contradicts it
122
Grandiose Delusions
Delusion/false belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent
123
Control Delusion
false, irrational belief that one is being controlled by outside forces
124
Identity Belief Delusion
Delusion/belief that you are someone else - eg: belief you are in fact Jesus Christ.
125
Broadcasting Belief (delusion)
Belief that your private thoughts are actually being transmitted to other people.
126
Thought Withdrawal Delusion
Delusion/false belief that someone is robbing you of your thoughts - eg: the CIA robbing all of our thoughts
127
Prosecution Delusion
Convinced someone is mistreating you, or conspiring against you and your loved ones.
“They’re all out to get me.”
128
Hallucinations
Positive symptom, FALSE vivid physical SENSORY perceptions, experienced without any source
129
Auditory hallucinations
hearing voices - in Western society the voices are typically evil or dangerous, while in eastern society the voices can be dangerous AND/OR positive
130
Tactile hallucinations
Physically sensing things that aren’t actually there - feeling crawling on your skin, smelling odours that aren’t present
131
Visual hallucinations
seeing stuff that isn’t actually there
132
Disordered Behaviour (schizophrenia)
- self explanatory: disordered behaviour and language; unpredictable agitation; wearing a ton of clothing when it’s hot; bad hygiene; weird pacing back and forth; issues with daily functioning; distressed
- think mentally disturbed person walking around on the street
133
Type II Schizophrenia
negative symptoms, things that are present in the average person but NOT in the person with schizophrenia - they are MISSING things that the average functioning person has
134
Negative symptoms
Symptoms characterized by a LACK of something a typical functioning person has.
135
Examples of Negative Symptoms
- apathy
- lack of emotion + emotional expression
- anti-social
- slowed movement and speech
136
Inappropriate Affect
- displaying certain emotions inappropriately/in inappropriate settings
137
Examples of Inappropriate Affect
- having opposite affective/emotional reactions in certain situations - eg: sobbing and screaming in pain when told good news; laughing at an extremely sad story
138
Causal Factors of Schizophrenia (3)
1. Biological
2. Environmental
3. Sociocultural (honestly almost all the disorders have similar umbrella causal factors)
139
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia
Brain abnormalities (structural abnormalities)
140
Neurodegenerative Hypothesis
Destruction of neural tissue (schizophrenia)
141
Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia (3)
- enlarged ventricles (cavities containing cerebral fluid)
- brain atrophy difference
- thalamus difference (sensory input controller)
142
Role of Thalamus
Controls sensory input (could be explanation for attention and perception issues in schizophrenia)
143
Difference in Brain Atrophy (schizophrenia)
loss or deterioration of neurons in central cortex + limbic systems (brain structures responsible for cognitive processing, emotion/affective functions)
144
Dopamine Hypothesis
- POSITIVE symptoms of schizophrenia could be produced by OVERPRODUCTION and OVERACTIVITY of DOPAMINE in areas of the brain associated with emotional expression and motivation
- more dopamine receptors in schizophrenic people
145
What is used to treat an excessive amount of dopamine activity in schizophrenia?
antipsychotics
146
Environmental Factors for Schizophrenia
Stressful life events, family dynamics, high expressed emotion
147
High Expressed Emotion
High levels of criticism, hostility, and over-involvement (hovering) in a home environment - think mom
148
Sociocultural Factors in Schizophrenia
- lower socioeconomic population - more prevalent schizophrenia
149
Social Causation Hypothesis
the idea that lower income individuals are exposed to higher levels of stress in urban environments, so there is a greater chance of becoming mentally ill
150
Western Schizophrenia - individualist or collectivist influences?
- individualist
- hearing voices feels like an invasion of the self, violent by nature
151
Does schizophrenia show up in animals?
NO.
It’s a uniquely human disorder -> brains have higher level of cognition
152
Human Accelerated Region
- short pieces of DNA in the human brain that have been conserved in animals but developed in humans
- could be a reason for schizophrenia in humans but not animals - more complex, more can go wrong
153
Dissociative Disorder
A disorder involved with experiencing a disruption or lack of continuity of one’s personality (thought patterns, memory, actions), resulting in alternation, memory, identity, and awareness.
Loss of connection with thought, memories, feelings, surroundings, behaviour, identity.
Like that one time I thought if we crashed the car nothing would happen because nothing was real and we were in a dream but IRL we were awake and I couldn’t breathe.
154
What SPECIFICALLY causes Dissociative Disorders?
Trauma
155
Dissociative Amnesia
responding to a traumatic/stressful event with extensive but SELECTIVE memory loss, loss of identity
156
What causes dissociative amnesia?
dissociating during the traumatic event
157
Dissociative Fugue
a more extreme form of dissociative amnesia that involves the ADDING of a new identity - a person can wake up and not know where they were after a fugue state because they were living another identity
158
Dissociative Identity Disorder
two or more separate distinct, identities within an individual
159
Primary host
the identity that appears most within a person with Dissociative identity disorder
160
Alter
the other identities of a person with DID besides the primary host (appear less often, adjacent to the host)
161
DID identities can:
- have their own memories, behaviours, physiology
- don’t always know about each other
- some alters aren’t even human
162
Physical impacts of DID
- different allergies
- different eyesights
- different menstrual cycles
163
Trauma Dissociation Theory
- development of NEW IDENTITIES occurs in response to severe stress that typically begins in childhood - child dissociates and creates an alternate identity to remove themselves from the trauma
164
Treatment Options for DID (2)
1. collapsing of identities
2. fixing the trauma
165
what can cause the presence of more alters in a person with DID?
more trauma
- DID prevalent in places with conditions of war or extreme natural disasters; abuse, neglect
166
Stable, ingrained, INFLEXIBLE maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
personality disorder
167
What causes borderline personality disorder (Environmental)
inconsistent, abusive, non-affirming parenting, emotional, physical abuse
168
What causes borderline personality disorder (biological)
abnormal dopamine, serotonin (lack of)
169
borderline personality disorder
dramatic, emotional, impulsive behaviours, turbulent relationships, and suicidal threats, weak sense of identity
170
Lack of conscience and concern for other people, lack of anxiety and guilt, impulsivity, inability to delay gratification, hedonistic, deceitful, disregard societal laws, highly manipulative
antisocial personality disorder
171
Psychopath
someone with an extreme case of antisocial personality disorder
172
Psychopathy
mental disorder in which someone manifests amoral antisocial behaviour
173
Extreme egocentricity, failure to learn from previous experiences, fake sincerity, little empathy and consciousness
psychopathy
174
What could be a neurological cause of ASPD?
AMYGDALA and PREFRONTAL CORTEX under active, under aroused - self control and strong emotions (aggression, pleasure) - not being taken care of
175
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, attention, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions.
