Chapter 6 - Psychotherapy / Treatment of Psych Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
7 types of Therapies Covered in this chapter
A
- Psychodynamic
- Cognitive
- Behavioural
- Third Wave Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- Humanistic Psychotherapies
- Animal-assisted therapies
- Biological therapies
2
Q
Importance of Psychologist Perspective in Therapy
A
the way that how a psychologist thinks about behaviour affects the way they think about treating
3
Q
Psychotherapy
A
general name given to psychological treatment
4
Q
Biological Therapies
A
Medical approach to therapy - idea that psychological disorders stem from abnormalities in the brain and body - meds, psychosurgery
5
Q
What is sought to change in therapy?
A
maladaptive ways of thinking, bad behavioural patterns
6
Q
Psychodynamic Theory
A
the idea that psychological forces underlie behaviour, feelings, and emotions
7
Q
Who was a proponent of the psychodynamic theory? What did he say about it?
A
Freud - psych disorders are a result a past traumatic experiences, usually stemming from childhood
8
Q
Goal of psychoanalysis
A
help patient achieve INSIGHT
9
Q
insight
A
- Becoming aware of the underlying psychodynamic forces in a problem
- bringing unconsciousness to consciousness/awareness so we can tackle and change the problem
10
Q
2 steps of psychoanalysis:
A
- Achieve insight (based on analyzing childhood and underlying forces or whatever)
- Adjust behaviour
11
Q
In spider verse, when the client is facing away from the therapist on a couch and telling the therapist about his past, what type of therapy is that?
A
psychoanalysis
12
Q
Why is the patient faced away from the therapist in Freud’s classic model of psychoanalysis?
A
- to let the client feel freer to share and access the unconsciousness
13
Q
Theory behind Free Association
A
- mental events have associations that provide clues to unconscious thoughts through the constant stream of thoughts, memories, images, feelings
14
Q
Free Association Process
A
- talk about stream of thoughts, talk about things as they come up
- client lays down (gets comfortable) and verbally reports thoughts, feelings and images
15
Q
Goal of free association
A
Thoughts, feelings, images brought up will hint to themes and issues that need to be analyzed and interpreted
16
Q
Dream Analysis (Freud’s Psychoanalysis)
A
analyzing the hidden meaning behind a clients dreams
17
Q
Freud’s Theory on Dreams
A
- dreams express the impulses, fantasies, and wishes we have that are hiding behind our UNCONSCIOUS mental defense
18
Q
According to Freud, what do themes and symbols in dreams represent?
A
unresolved conflict
19
Q
Why might a person be unconsciously SET in maladaptive ways? Why do people resort to maladaptive thinking and behaving at all?
A
Because they are PROTECTIVE; they are a defence mechanism
20
Q
Flaws of maladaptive thoughts and behaviours:
A
avoidant, resistant, unhelpful
21
Q
Unconscious protection of the mind and resistance to therapy in the presence of anxiety arousing material.
A
Resistant Defensive Manoeuvres
22
Q
Transference
A
occurs when the client responds irrationally to a therapist as if they were an important figure from the clients past
- think transferring the client’s emotions and past material ONTO the therapist
23
Q
2 types of transference
A
positive transference
negative transference
24
Q
positive transference
A
attributing positive characteristics or positive past experiences onto a therapist as if they were directly involved
25
Negative transference
anger, hatred, disappointment towards your therapist as if they were someone who hurt you in the past
26
Negative of psychoanalysis (2):
time consuming, expensive
(5+ times a week typically for about 5 years)
27
difference between psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies:
psychoanalysis - Freud
Psychodynamic therapies - Freud INSPIRED but more FOCUSED and ACTIVE with the client FACING each other
28
Psychodynamics is an umbrella for which 2 types of therapies?
1. Psychoanalysis - Freud - facing away from client, free association
2. Psychodynamic Therapies - Freud inspired but facing client + more focused
29
Role of therapist in PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
aim to help the client examine their needs, defensive mechanisms, and motives, to understand their distress, patterns, and how to change them
30
Steps of Psychodynamic Therapy (similar goals):
1. Achieve insight
2. Change (patterns/thinking/behaviour)
31
Synonym for Psychodynamic Therapy
talk therapy
32
What happens in psychodynamic therapy making it more focused and active?
Client and therapist sit facing each other having a conversation focusing more on current relationships/hardships, and less on early childhood experiences.
33
Psychodynamic therapy is used for (3):
1. Mood disorders - eg: depression
2. Eating disorders
3. Substance-abuse disorders
34
Cognitive Psychology
branch of psychology related to thinking, thought patterns, learning, memory
35
What concept is Cognitive Therapy based on?
the concept that disordered thoughts must be addressed so you can change the way you think abut a situation which leads to you changing your behaviours
36
What is cognitive therapy focused on changing?
thought patterns (maladaptive and irrational ones)
37
Who are the 2 psychologists related to cognitive therapy?
1. Beck
2. Ellis
38
What was Beck’s perspective on cognitive therapy?
Cognitive restructuring with the help of a therapist allows a person to recognize/identify maladaptive thought patterns and replace those with perspectives/thought patterns that are more helpful and in line with reality.
39
Process of Cognitive Therapy (2 steps):
1. Identify bad thoughts
2. Reprogram thoughts (which leads to changed behaviour)
40
What is Beck’s method of cognitive restructuring used for (3)?
1. Anxiety disorders
2. Personality disorders
3. Eating disorders
41
What contributions did the psychologist Ellis make to cognitive therapy?
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
42
What model does rational emotive therapy (RET) involve?
ABCD model
43
What does Ellis’ ABCD model stand for?
1. Activating event
2. Belief System
3. Consequences
4. Disputing
44
Activating Event (ABCD)
trigger/event
45
Belief System (ABCD)
- belief/perspective underlying and TOWARDS the event - thoughts towards the event
46
Consequences (Ellis’ ABCD)
emotional and behavioural consequences of B (the thoughts/perspectives regarding the event)
47
Disputing (Ellis’ ABCD model)
Disputing or challenging the belief system of B
48
Main Goal of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
- train the client to find maladaptive belief systems/thoughts and change those
49
In cognitive therapy, what other occupation does the therapist act like?
a teacher - explaining errors in client’s thinking and demonstrating adaptive ways to think and behave
50
Overall, cognitive therapy is used for (3):
1. Anxiety disorders
2. Personality disorders
3. Eating disorders
51
What does behavioural therapy focus on changing?
maladaptive behaviours (unlearning)
52
A psychologist coming from the behavioural perspective would identify _____ as the main problem.
maladaptive behaviours
53
Classical conditioning
learning procedure where biologically potent stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to facilitate a certain reaction
- Pavlov’s dog - started salivating to the sound of a bell even with no food present because sound of bell was paired with presentation of food
54
Goal of Classical Conditioning
conditioning a new, better response to stimuli
55
What is exposure therapy used for?
anxiety and phobic disorders
56
Exposure therapy
face anxiety/fear in absence of negative consequences + creating a new association to a stimuli by confronting fears in a safe environment
57
What are the 2 types of exposure therapy?
1. Flooding
2. Implosion
58
Flooding
- type of exposure therapy focused on building up to a client experiencing a real-life feared stimuli
59
Example of flooding for someone with claustrophobia:
putting them in a closet for a couple seconds, and increasing the time in the closet over time
60
Implosion
- type of exposure therapy in which you imagine scenes with the stimuli to build up to actually interacting with them
61
What is the main technique behind exposure therapies like flooding and implosion?
starting small to build confidence to eventually face the actual stimuli
62
Systematic Desensitization
Learning based behavioural treatment that eliminates anxiety through counter-conditioning (being presented with the anxiety inducing stimulus while performing relaxation techniques)
63
What is the main concept/technique within Systematic desensitization (behavioural therapy)? What is the paradox within it?
Counter-conditioning - pairing anxiety inducing stimulus with client doing relaxation techniques
- the idea that a feeling of relaxation and anxiety can’t coexist
64
Main goal of counter-conditioning within Systematic desensitization (paradoxical concept)?
Creating a new response that is INCOMPATIBLE with anxiety
65
process of counter conditioning within systematic desensitization (3 steps)
1. Voluntary muscle relaxation
2. Stimulus hierarchy construction
3. Think of stimulus lowest on the hierarchy while being relaxed (eventually build up to the highest)
- strong enough relaxation will replace anxiety as a condition learned response to fear
66
In-Vivo Desensitization
similar to systematic desensitization but the client is directly exposed to the situations that can cause anxiety
- eg: use of VR
67
Technique behind In-Vivo Desensitization
Face a phobia in a safe, simulated environment and learn how to relax in this environment
68
difference between systematic and in-vivo desensitization (2)
1. Systematic - thoughts about stimuli and learning how to relax (hierarchy of thoughts)
2. In-vivo - actually experiencing stimuli and learning how to relax
69
Operant conditioning
- type of behavioural therapy that involves enforcing wanted behaviours with rewards, and punishing/ignoring unwanted behaviours
70
Social skills training
a type of behavioural therapy in which the therapist demonstrates how to do something/how to act in a certain situation, and the client imitates the behaviour to apply to their own life
71
Key of social skills training
increased self-efficacy (belief in one’s ability to do things and overcome social anxieties)
72
2 types of behavioural therapy (conditioning):
1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
73
Types of Classical Conditioning (4):
1. Flooding Exposure Therapy
2. Implosion Exposure Therapy
3. Systematic Desensitization
4. In-vivo Desensitization
74
Types of Operant Conditioning (2):
1. Reward/punishment
2. Social Skills Training
75
What is the operant reward within social skills training?
- the feeling of success in response to being able to imitate a behaviour
76
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
combines cognitive AND behavioural therapy
77
What is mindfulness and which type of therapy does the concept of mindfulness originate from?
- accepting, being open and non-judgemental of ones negative thoughts and then working on not being so so focused on those negative feelings
- cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
78
Mindfulness based approaches (2):
1. ACT - Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
2. DBT - Dialectical Behavioural Therapy
79
What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
A type of therapy using mindfulness as a vehicle of change by validating your feelings and then figuring out how to deal with these feelings
80
What type of therapy is this and what major category would it be in:
- not exerting control over thoughts and feelings; letting them happen
- but it’s how you RESPOND to those thoughts and feelings
Acceptance-Commitment Therapy (ACT) within CBT and mindfulness based therapies
Eg: accepting mental disorder (acceptance) and then making goals to help you combat the disorder (commitment)
81
DBT combines which 4 major categories of therapy?
psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioural, humanistic
82
Goal of behavioural aspect of DBT:
- navigating interpersonal relationships
- problem solving
83
Goal of the Cognitive Aspect of DBT:
changing and adapting a person’s thinking about the world and themselves
84
Psychodynamic Goal of DBT:
analyze how history affects the present
85
Humanistic aspect of DBT:
acceptance that you’re a good person, and acceptance of thoughts and feelings
86
Overall goal of DBT:
- developing coping mechanisms, regulating emotions, improving relationships
87
Humanistic Therapy
- SELF ACTUALIZATION
- emphasis on personal acceptance and developing positive belief systems
88
Recognizing and accepting the ABILITY to control one’s actions is part of which type of therapy?
humanistic therapies
89
What type of therapy would say “everyone has an internal capacity for self-healing and self-actualization”?
humanistic therapies
90
client on the same level as therapist in this design
humanistic
91
What type of therapy is Client/Person Centred Therapy, and who created it?
this is a form of humanistic therapy focused on self-understanding, created by Carl Roger’s
92
What are 3 key factors of Client Centred Therapy?
1. Genuine
2. Empathetic
3. Unconditional positive regard
93
Application of empathy in Client Centred Therapy:
active listening, showing understanding
94
What therapy is unconditional positive regard apart of and how is unconditional positive regard applied by a therapist?
- client centred therapy (humanistic)
- therapist ACCEPTS client without judgement, trusts in clients ability, makes client feel comfortable (eradicate any fear of rejection or judgment in the environment, safe space)
95
Animal Assisted Therapy
form of therapy that involves the use of animals to reduce physical and mental stress and to promote mindfulness
(not to be confused with service animals who are specifically used to assist individuals with disabilities)
96
Emotional Contagion
someone being sad affects the people around them and makes them sad; being around and interacting with a depressed person can make you depressed
97
Psychopharmology
the study of how prescription drugs/medicine affect cognitions, emotions, and behaviours (how they affect the mind)
98
Psychotropics
- drugs that work by changing your BRAIN CHEMISTRY
- change levels of neurotransmitters and their receptors
99
Types of antidepressants (3):
1. Tricyclics
2. MAOI - monoamine oxidase inhibitors
3. SSRI - serotonin reuptake inhibitor
100
Which neurotransmitters does the antidepressant MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) increase the activity of? How does it accomplish this?
Norepinephrine, serotonin
- REDUCE monoamine oxidase inhibitor - STOP the BREAKDOWN of these neurotransmitters so there are MORE present
101
Which neurotransmitters does the form of antidepressant tricyclics increase the activity of? How does it accomplish this?
norepinephrine, serotonin
block reuptake of these neurotransmitters so the neurons keep producing and flowing
102
What neurotransmitter do SSRI antidepressants treat? How do they treat it?
serotonin
- block the reuptake of serotonin - NOT letting serotonin being taken BACK - letting it flow and CONTINUE to the postsynaptic neuron
103
What are SSRIs used for?
reducing anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, depression
104
What is the most widely used antidepressant?
SSRIs
105
What do antipsychotics treat?
Positive symptoms in schizophrenia (schizophrenia type I)
106
How do antipsychotics work in an individual with schizophrenia?
block the effects of excessive dopamine - reduce hallucinations and delusions
107
Tardive Dyskinesia
a severe movement disorder that can be a side effect of antipsychotics - can be worse than the actual issue the antipsychotic is trying to treat
108
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
giving shocks to induce seizures in depressed, treatment resistant patients - immediate effects in reductions of depression
109
Psychosurgery
removing parts of the brain; taking all parts of the brain related to a certain symptom
(least used because damn that’s crazy you don’t gotta take away these whole ass sections)
110
Lobotomy
form of psychosurgery in which you sever NERVE TRACKS in the brain
111
Impacts of a lobotomy:
- mental and emotional functioning
- memory impairment
112
What form of psychosurgery did Honey Sugarman (Beatrice’s mom) undergo in the show Bojack Horseman?
a lobotomy
113
What is a cingulotomy? What is it used to treat?
A form of psychosurgery that involves the cutting of the frontal lobes and limbic system.
Severe depression, severe OCD
114
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and what is it used to treat?
current flows through wire over scalp to stimulate brain
INFLUENCE neural functioning in that region
depression, OCD
115
Do rates of psychopathology differ between races and ethnicities?
no, they’re about the same, but POC are less likely to seek help
116
Factors Affecting Therapy (3)
1. Therapist variables
2. Client variables
3. Techniques
117
What are therapist variables that affect therapy? (Think from humanistic therapies)
empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard
118
What are client variables affecting therapy? (5)
Is the client motivated, and open to working on themselves?
Is the client self aware?
Nature of the problem?
Duration of therapy
Relationship with therapist
