Chapter 7: Social & Emotional Development in Infants & Toddlers Flashcards
List the basic emotions
Happiness
Sadness
Anger
Fear
Developmental trajectory of social smiling / positive emotions
Social smiles @ 2mos paired with cooing. Laughter @ 4mos paired with vigorous stimulation. Laughter @ 1yr paired with jokes and novel stimulus.
Developmental trajectory of negative emotions
Anger @ 4 mos paired with removal of enjoyable stimulus, intentional anger (lines up with when intentional behaviour begins). Fear @ 4-6mos connected to stranger wariness.
Example of cultural differences on expression of emotion
11mos old US babies cry more than Chinese. American favor bigger enthusiastic expressions; Taiwanese favor more calm and reserved expressions of happiness. Due to parenting style.
Developmental trajectory of complex emotions
Guilt
Embarrassment
Pride
Emerge at 18-24mos coincide with naming explosion, sense of self, and emotions of others
Developmental trajectory of recognizing and using another’s emotions
Begins @ 6-7mos
Infants reference other ppl’s behaviour cues even though they can’t verbalize. Social referencing is when look to trusted person for cues on how to react and match their behaviour.
Developmental trajectory of regulating emotions
begins at 4-6mos although is a life-long process. Examples include looking to/moving towards attachment person for comfort. Genetics and parenting have impact
Developmental trajectory of social play
6mos: non social play (playing alone or watching others play
12mos: parallel play (playing in same vicinity with peer at same toy or theme, but not directly engaging with peer)
15-18mos: simple social play: interact socially with peers during play (exchange some communication, toys, etc)
24mos: cooperative play: organized around a theme, kids have specific roles, ie: tag, or hide and seek, house, etc.
define self concept
the attitudes, behaviours and values that a person believes make the self unique
describe mirror task
when referencing themselves in a mirror, if the child notices a mark on their face and tries to remove it, it is believed they have a notion of self concept. Many 1yr olds notice the red mark, but by 15mos - virtually all children notice that the child in mirror is themselves and will make effort to remove mark on face. This task establishes SELF AWARENESS.
when does increased use of personal pronouns occur
20-28mos, also establishing self awareness
define temperament
consistent mood or style of behaviour
name three types of temperament
easy, slow to warm up, difficult
name three primary dimensions of temperament
sociability, emotionality, activity
List some influences and examples on temperament
Genetics (twin studies found high correlations in identical twins, narrow faced children more difficult)
Parenting Style: abrupt mothers = difficult children, asian parenting differences vs north american parenting
describe stability of temperament
Difficult children likely to be difficult adults. An active fetus is likely to be an active child. Shy children cope poorly with social problems. Anxious and fearful children are more compliant because they are fearful of outcomes. Extroverted children are more accident prone.
Who was Bowlby
developed attachment theory: attachment is like a lens that people seen the world through based on how reliable people are
define attachment
an enduring social and emotional bond / relationship`
when does an attachment occur
develops over the first several months after birth, and is established by 6-7 mos
define the internal working model
the child’s expectations about the parent/caregiver’s availability and responsivity in general, and when he/she is in distress… by Bowlby
list and define the four types of attachments
secure: mother is the secure base, child can be comforted by mother (60-65% of US children)
ambivalent: and insecure attachment where child is difficult to console upon mother’s return (10-15%)
avoidant: an insecure attachment where child basically ignores mother upon her return (20%)
disorganized: an insecure attachment where child behaves unpredictably to mother’s return (10-15%)
describe caregiver reasons and future consequences of each attachment
secure: better ability to imitate mothers, higher quality friendships, fewer behaviour problems
ambivalent: describes caregiver that has been inconsistently available, predicts passive withdrawal from school and peers
avoidant: describes caregiver consistently unavailable, predicts future aggressive or antisocial behaviour
disorganized: describes erratic caregiver (passive to intrusive,) child will have the poorest prognosis, predicts aggression, depression
define reactive attachment disorder
inappropriate displays of affection for strangers at young age - 12-16mos. Often co-morbid with other issues
describe influences on attachment
parenting skill: increased flexibility increases quality of attachment.
work: changes in routine due to parent work schedule
child care: ratio of children to caregiver, quality
emotional climate of the home: sensitive, positive att
temperament of baby: difficult babies decrease attachment
developmental trajectory of attachment
follows through into adulthood. What develops at 6months can haunt you into adulthood and set the stage for adult relationships.
