Chapter 7: Social & Emotional Development in Infants & Toddlers

Question 1

List the basic emotions

Answer 1

Happiness
Sadness
Anger
Fear

Question 2

Developmental trajectory of social smiling / positive emotions

Answer 2

Social smiles @ 2mos paired with cooing. Laughter @ 4mos paired with vigorous stimulation. Laughter @ 1yr paired with jokes and novel stimulus.

Question 3

Developmental trajectory of negative emotions

Answer 3

Anger @ 4 mos paired with removal of enjoyable stimulus, intentional anger (lines up with when intentional behaviour begins). Fear @ 4-6mos connected to stranger wariness.

Question 4

Example of cultural differences on expression of emotion

Answer 4

11mos old US babies cry more than Chinese. American favor bigger enthusiastic expressions; Taiwanese favor more calm and reserved expressions of happiness. Due to parenting style.

Question 5

Developmental trajectory of complex emotions

Answer 5

Guilt
Embarrassment
Pride
Emerge at 18-24mos coincide with naming explosion, sense of self, and emotions of others

Question 6

Developmental trajectory of recognizing and using another’s emotions

Answer 6

Begins @ 6-7mos
Infants reference other ppl’s behaviour cues even though they can’t verbalize. Social referencing is when look to trusted person for cues on how to react and match their behaviour.

Question 7

Developmental trajectory of regulating emotions

Answer 7

begins at 4-6mos although is a life-long process. Examples include looking to/moving towards attachment person for comfort. Genetics and parenting have impact

Question 8

Developmental trajectory of social play

Answer 8

6mos: non social play (playing alone or watching others play
12mos: parallel play (playing in same vicinity with peer at same toy or theme, but not directly engaging with peer)
15-18mos: simple social play: interact socially with peers during play (exchange some communication, toys, etc)
24mos: cooperative play: organized around a theme, kids have specific roles, ie: tag, or hide and seek, house, etc.

Question 9

define self concept

Answer 9

the attitudes, behaviours and values that a person believes make the self unique

Question 10

describe mirror task

Answer 10

when referencing themselves in a mirror, if the child notices a mark on their face and tries to remove it, it is believed they have a notion of self concept. Many 1yr olds notice the red mark, but by 15mos - virtually all children notice that the child in mirror is themselves and will make effort to remove mark on face. This task establishes SELF AWARENESS.

Question 11

when does increased use of personal pronouns occur

Answer 11

20-28mos, also establishing self awareness

Question 12

define temperament

Answer 12

consistent mood or style of behaviour

Question 13

name three types of temperament

Answer 13

easy, slow to warm up, difficult

Question 14

name three primary dimensions of temperament

Answer 14

sociability, emotionality, activity

Question 15

List some influences and examples on temperament

Answer 15

Genetics (twin studies found high correlations in identical twins, narrow faced children more difficult)
Parenting Style: abrupt mothers = difficult children, asian parenting differences vs north american parenting

Question 16

describe stability of temperament

Answer 16

Difficult children likely to be difficult adults. An active fetus is likely to be an active child. Shy children cope poorly with social problems. Anxious and fearful children are more compliant because they are fearful of outcomes. Extroverted children are more accident prone.

Question 17

Who was Bowlby

Answer 17

developed attachment theory: attachment is like a lens that people seen the world through based on how reliable people are

Question 18

define attachment

Answer 18

an enduring social and emotional bond / relationship`

Question 19

when does an attachment occur

Answer 19

develops over the first several months after birth, and is established by 6-7 mos

Question 20

define the internal working model

Answer 20

the child’s expectations about the parent/caregiver’s availability and responsivity in general, and when he/she is in distress… by Bowlby

Question 21

list and define the four types of attachments

Answer 21

secure: mother is the secure base, child can be comforted by mother (60-65% of US children)
ambivalent: and insecure attachment where child is difficult to console upon mother’s return (10-15%)
avoidant: an insecure attachment where child basically ignores mother upon her return (20%)
disorganized: an insecure attachment where child behaves unpredictably to mother’s return (10-15%)

Question 22

describe caregiver reasons and future consequences of each attachment

Answer 22

secure: better ability to imitate mothers, higher quality friendships, fewer behaviour problems
ambivalent: describes caregiver that has been inconsistently available, predicts passive withdrawal from school and peers
avoidant: describes caregiver consistently unavailable, predicts future aggressive or antisocial behaviour
disorganized: describes erratic caregiver (passive to intrusive,) child will have the poorest prognosis, predicts aggression, depression

Question 23

define reactive attachment disorder

Answer 23

inappropriate displays of affection for strangers at young age - 12-16mos. Often co-morbid with other issues

Question 24

describe influences on attachment

Answer 24

parenting skill: increased flexibility increases quality of attachment.
work: changes in routine due to parent work schedule
child care: ratio of children to caregiver, quality
emotional climate of the home: sensitive, positive att
temperament of baby: difficult babies decrease attachment

Question 25

developmental trajectory of attachment

Answer 25

follows through into adulthood. What develops at 6months can haunt you into adulthood and set the stage for adult relationships.