Chapter 10: Social and Emotional Development in Preschool Flashcards
define prosocial behaviour
All the acts aiming at promoting others’ well-being, such as assistance, comfort, cooperation - opposite of hostile behaviour
describe the difference between gender role and gender stereotype
gender role involves what a culture feels is an appropriate for a girl/boy to behave; gender stereotype are beliefs about how boys and girls are different based on personality, behaviour and interests
what are instrumental traits
personality traits that require active involvement with or influence over the environment - typically male - things like skilled in business, mechanical aptitude, aggressive
what are expressive traits
personality traits that reflect emotional functioning and interpersonal relations - typically female - like, kind, caring, home-oriented, creative…
describe cultural impacts/influences on gender stereotypes
not the same world wide. north american views - especially american, are most extreme.
when does gender stereotyping occur in a child’s familiar play activities
24mos: in girls
31mos: in boys
preschool children see stereotypes as guidelines for behaviour that are binding
describe some differences between girls and boys play in terms of gender stereotypes
girls tend to focus on more social; boys on more physical, BUT - when girls join boys play, the girls will play physically, not vice versa.
tend to choose playmates of the same gender
girls play in small groups; boys play in large groups
define gender identity
perception of oneself as either female or male
how does gender identity emerge
gender labelling: learning to name who is a boy/girl
stability: understanding gender doesn’t change
consistency: doesn’t change based on situation/wishes
constancy: identifiable, stable, and consistent
explain the media/tv viewing influence on gender role
boys views became more stereotyped on all dimensions: traits, behaviour, occupation, relationships. Girls views changed on several domains as well. Implies that media impacts severely because children aren’t yet exposed to broad range of experiences as adults are.
explain children’s play influence on gender role
girls interactions are enabling - support others and sustain interaction.
boys interactions are constricting - one partner threatens, contradicts, dominates
explain parent influence on gender role
fathers more likely to push sons towards independence, more likely to reassure daughters. mothers more likely to respond to child based on need, father based on stereotype
what is gender schema theory
using gender based info to decide whether an activity or object is worth learning more about
explain biological influence on gender identity
some research suggests that females exposed to androgens will prefer masculine activities
define self esteem - what is it’s level at preschool age
feelings about one’s self worth - at preschool it’s super duper high!
define and describe the systems view of family dynamics
the theory that there is an interaction between parents and children - parents influence the children through direct behaviour (giving to them, encouraging them) and indirectly (by their behaviour and interactions with others like church, work, neighbours, etc) Children also influence the parents in this design.
list and describe the primary dimensions of parenting
warmth and responsiveness: affectionate, see to child’s emotional needs, interested in child’s daily activities, not hostile. (there are cultural differences here)
effective control: too much vs too little - neither extreme is good
list and describe parenting styles
authoritative: high control with high involvement
authoritarian: high control with low involvement
indulgent-permissive: low control with high involvement
indifferent-uninvolved: low control with low involvement
identify where parent behaviour affects child development
direct instruction: what to do, when to do it and why
observational learning: can lead to counterimitation (when action is punished) and disinhibition, where there is an increase in all similar behaviours (when action is aggressive)
feedback: reinforcement or punishment
explain ways children determine how parents rear them
parents react to the child’s behaviour - example based on temperament. Over time, a parent responding to a difficult child may become less affectionate.
what are the different roles of grandparents
formal: interested but hands off
fun-seeking: primary source of fun and avoid seriousness
distant: little contact except during holidays
dispensing family wisdom: provide info/advice
surrogate parent: same role as parent
describe a preschooler’s play
bullying: using aggression to solve conflict
make-believe: can use props, then move onto imaginary, use to deal with frightening topics, imaginary friends
solitary play: colouring or puzzles is healthy - aimless wandering is not
parental influence: act as playmate, act as mediator, act as coach. Secure attachment predicts better peer play
describe and define social aggression
Inflicting harm by damaging another’s self-esteem and/or social status. Some behaviours include: Glares of contempt, Eye rolls, Hair flip, Cold shoulder, friendship withdrawal, etc. Used more frequently by girls
define self control
ability to regulate thought, behaviour, and emotional reactions in planful manner so as to not give into impulse
developmental trajectory of self control
1: by 1yr, child realizes that ppl impose demands and that he isn’t free to do as he wishes - based on safety and socialization
2: by 2yr, child has internalized some strategies that have been imposed/modeled by parents (doesn’t grab toy from other child because told to wait)
3: by 3yr, child has more flexible methods that match how fast paced play can be - so the child can devise his own way to deal with problem if another child has a toy, like get another, walk away,
individual differences vary between children
what are parental influences on self control
modeling: when parents have good self control, children will model
strictness: if parents are overly strict, children have less control
what factors contribute to self control
temperament: anxious/fearful children more self control
delay of gratification: being able to put off reinforcement
learning about moral rule: lies vs mistakes ?
