chapter 7 skeletal system Flashcards
the human skeleton is initially what
cartilages and fibrous membranes
what cartilage is most abundant in the body
Hyaline cartilage
what age is the body completely ossified
By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened
how many bone in human body
206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass)
how many bone in appendicular skeleton
126 bones
how many bones axial skeleton
80 bones
classification of bones
Long Bones,Short Bones, Including Sesamoid bones or round bones, Flat Bones and Irregular Bones
function of bones
support and protect softer tissue, provide points of attachment for muscle, house blood-producing cells, and inorganic salts
what is epiphysis
ends of a long bone
Distal
Proximal
what is diaphysis
-shaft of a long bone
what is Metaphysis
widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis
what is compact bone
(cortical bone)-tightly packed cells found in diaphysis
what is spongy bone
(cancellous bone)- many branching bony plates found in epiphysis
what is articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage found on articulating surface
what is periosteum
tough outer covering of bone composed of dense connective tissue
what is endosteum
thin membrane of bone forming cells
what is medullary cavity
cavity containing marrow in the diaphysis of a long bone
what is trabeculea
branching bony plates that separate irregular spaces within spongy bone
what is bone marrow
Red marrow and yellow marrow
what kind of marrow is found in spongy bone
Red marrow
what dose red bone marrow produce
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
what kind of marrow is found in diaphysis
Yellow marrow
what dose yellow marrow store
fat
mature bones are called
osteocytes
Osteocytes transport what
nutrients and wastes
extracellular matrix of bone is largely what
collagen and inorganic salt
what gives bone resilience
Collagen
what gives bone hardness
Inorganic salts
what is osteon
basic units in compact bone tissue (sometimes called Haversian systems)
what is central canal
contains blood vessels and nerves
what is osteocytes
what is perforating canal
Volkmann’s canal)- contain blood vessels and nerves and connect central canals of osteons\
what is osteocytes
maintains bone once it’s formed
what is lamellae
concentric layer of matrix in bony tissue
what is lacunae
small chamber or cavity
what is bone matrix
composed of collagen and inorganic salts
what is Canaliculi
passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes
Spongy bone extracellular matrix is laid down in what
trabeculae
what bone originates within sheet-like layers of connective tissue go through
Intramembranous Ossification
what kind of bones are intramembranous ossification
clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones
Flat bones of th e skull
what kind of cartilage starts out through the body
hyaline cartilage
what kind od ossification dose the body start out through
Endochondral
what happens when blood calcium is low
and what kind of feedback
Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts and parathyroid hormone
positive feedback
what happens blood calcium is high
what kind of feedbeack
Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts and calcitonin
negative feedback
deficiencies of vitamin A
retards bone development
deficiencies of vitamin C
results in fragile bones
deficiencies of vitamin D
rickets, osteomalacia
Insufficient Growth Hormone causes
Insufficient Growth Hormone – dwarfism
Excessive Growth Hormone before closure of the epidhyseal
gigantism
Excessive Growth Hormone after closure of the epidhyseal
acromegaly
what hormone delays bone growth
Thyroid
bone formation in sex hormones dose what
promote
in sex hormone ossification is what
epiphyseal plate
physical stress dose what to bone growth
stimulates
Blood Cell Formation is what and occurs in what
Also known as hematopoiesis
Occurs in the red bone marrow
Most abundant salt is
Calcium Phosphate
condition that results from loss of bone mineral
Osteoporosis
axial skeleton is composed of what
Skull
Hyoid bone
Thoracic cage
vertebral column
Appendicular Skeleton is composed of what
Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
