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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 7: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system differs in size and shape, but they are similar in their structure, _______ and ________

A

development; function

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2
Q

What type of bone is long, longitudinal axis and expanded ends

A

long bones

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3
Q

Forearm and femur (thigh bone) are examples of what type of bone…

A

long bones

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4
Q

What type of bone is cubelike length and width equal

A

short bones

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5
Q

wrist and ankle are examples of what type of bone…

A

short bones

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5
Q

What type of bone is platelike structures with broad surfaces

A

flat bones

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6
Q

Ribs, scapulae (shoulder blade), and skull are examples of what type of bone…

A

flat bones

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7
Q

What type of bone is a variety of shapes and connected to several other bones

A

irregular bones

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8
Q

Vertebrae, facial bones are examples of what type of bone…

A

irregular bones

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9
Q

What type of bone is small and nodular and are embedded within tendons adjacent to joints; also known as round bones

A

Sesamoid bones

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10
Q

the kneecap is an example of what type of bone…

A

sesamoid bone

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11
Q

What part of the long bone is the expanded portion (articulates or forms a joint) with another bone

A

Epiphysis

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12
Q

What part of the long bone is made up of hyaline cartilage, found on the articulated end

A

Articular Cartilage

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13
Q

What part of the long bone is the shaft of the bone

A

Diaphysis

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14
Q

What part of the long bone is tough vascular of fibrous tissue (except articulated end)
-firmly attached to bone
-functions in the formation and repair of bone

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

What part of the long bone is bony projections

A

processes

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16
Q

These are examples of…
- attachment of ligaments/tendons
- grooves and openings of passageways for blood vessels and nerves
- articulation of other bones

A

processess

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17
Q

What type of bone makes up the wall of the diaphysis

A

compact bone

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18
Q

What type of bone is the epiphysis

A

spongy bone

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19
Q

What type of bone consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

Compact bone and spongy bone are __________ and resist __________

A

strong; bending

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21
Q

Bone has both ______ and _______ bone tissue

A

compact; spongy

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22
Q

short, flat and irregular bones typically consist of a mass of what type of bone?

A

spongy bone

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23
Q

What type of bone is covered by a layer of compact bone or sandwiched between plates of compact bone?

A

spongy bone

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24
Q

Osteocytes are known as…

A

bone cells

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25
Q

Osteocytes are located in tiny chambers called…

A

lacunae

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26
Q

what transports nutrients and waste by means of cellular processes

A

Osteocytes

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27
Q

What is intracellular material is bone made up of?

A

Largely collagen and inorganic salts

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28
Q

What materials make bone strong and resistant to crushing

A

intracellular material

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29
Q

In compact bone what process causes osteocytes and layers of intercellular material cluster around a central canal form cylindrical-shaped unit called osteon

A

Haversian system

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30
Q

Many haversian systems cemented together form what type of bone?

A

blood vessels

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31
Q

What canals role is to send messages to the nervous system and muscles

A

Nerve fibers

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32
Q

What canals role is communication with surface of the bone and medullary cavity

A

Volkmann’s Canal

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33
Q

What type of bone is composed of osteocytes and intercellular material but the bones cells do not aggregate around the central canals

A

Spongy bone

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34
Q

Parts of the __________ ________ begin to form during the first few weeks of prenatal development, bony structures continue and develop into adulthood.

A

Skeletal system

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35
Q

Intramembranous bones and endochondral bones are…

A

two ways bones form

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36
Q

What type of bone is broad, flat bones of the skull

A

intramembranous

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37
Q

in the long bone the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by an

A

epiphyseal plate

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38
Q

epiphyseal plate occurs in how many layers

A

four

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39
Q

What epiphyseal plate layer closest to the end of the epiphysis, is composed of resting cells that do not actively participate in bone growth

A

first

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40
Q

What epiphyseal plate layer consists of rows of many young cells undergoing mitosis

A

second

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41
Q

As new cells appear and intercellular material forms around them causes what plate to thicken

A

cartilaginous

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42
Q

What epiphyseal plate layer is composed of older cells, the entire bone lengthens
- the matrix starts to calcify due to the invading osteoblasts, which secrete calcium salts
- as the matrix calcifies the cells begin to die

A

third

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43
Q

What epiphyseal plate layer is composed of dead and calcified intercellular substances appears to be quite thin

A

fourth

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44
Q

what type of bone continues to lengthen while the cartilaginous cells of the epiphseal plates are active

A

long bone

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45
Q

Once ossification centers of the diaphysis and epiphysis meet and the ephyseal plates ossify, lengthening is….

A

no longer possible (done growing)

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46
Q

what bone thickens as compact bone is deposited on the outside, just beneath the periosteum

A

developing bone

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47
Q

What erodes other bone tissue on the inside which results in the formation of the medullary cavity of the diaphysis, which fills with marrow

A

osteoclasts

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48
Q

Proper absorption of Ca in the small intestine is the role of what vitamin

A

vitamin D

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49
Q

Lack of what vitamin causes bone to be deformed due to the lack of Ca in the matrix

A

Vitamin D

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50
Q

Rickets and osteomalacia are caused by the lack of what vitamin

A

Vitamin D

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51
Q

what vitamin is nessecary for osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

vitamin A

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52
Q

Lack of vitamin A causes what deficiency

A

slow bone growth

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53
Q

What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis

A

Vitamin C

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54
Q

lack of vitamin C causes what deficiency

A

abnormal and slender bone

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55
Q

What stimulates division of epiphyseal disk

A

hormones

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56
Q

What causes muscles to contract and pull the bone attachments resulting in stress

A

physical stress

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57
Q

what causes bone tissue to become thinner and weaker as well as muscle (atrophy)

A

lack of exercise

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58
Q

stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen the muscle

A

hypertrophy

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59
Q

What shapes, supports, and protects body structures?

A

Bones

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60
Q

What aids in body movement, houses tissues that produce blood cells, and stores inorganic salts

A

Bones

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61
Q

What acts as levers

A

Bones

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62
Q

What gives shape to structures like the head, face, thorax, and limbs

A

Bones

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63
Q

Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column support what

A

the body’s weight

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64
Q

Bones of the _____ protect the eyes, ears, and brain

A

skull

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65
Q

Shoulder and rib cage support what region

A

the upper abdominal region

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66
Q

Bones and muscles interact as simple mechanical devices called…

A

levers

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66
Q

Bones and muscles interact as simple mechanical devices called…

A

levers

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67
Q
  • rod/bar
  • pivot or fulerum on which bar turns
  • object - moves against resistance
  • force - supplies energy for the movement
    These are all parts of what
A

Lever

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68
Q

what are examples of 1st class levers (R-P-F)

A

scissors, seesaw

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69
Q

what are examples of 2nd class levers (P-R-F)

A

wheelbarrow

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70
Q

what are examples of 3rd class levers (R-F-P)

A

forceps

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71
Q

The process of blood formation is called

A

Hematopieses

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72
Q

Hematopieses occurs in what two places

A

liver and spleen

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73
Q

What forms bone marrow

A

Hematopieses

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74
Q

What forms RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets

A

Red marrow

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75
Q

What marrow stores fats

A

yellow marrow

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76
Q

The average number of bones in the human body is…

A

206

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77
Q

What consists of the bony and cartilage parts that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk

A

Axial skeleton

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78
Q

What is composed of the cranium and facial bones

A

skull

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79
Q

What bone is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx

A

Hyoid bone

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80
Q

What is the only bone that does not articulate with other bones

A

Hyoid bone

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81
Q

What bone is fixed in position by muscles and ligaments and supports the tongue

A

Hyoid bone

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82
Q

What is composed of the spinal column and consists of many vertebrae separated by intervertebral disks

A

Vertebral column

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83
Q

The sacrum is part of what

A

the pelvis

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84
Q

What is the location of the sacrum

A

distal end of the vertebral column

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85
Q

What is the name of the tail bone

A

coccyx

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86
Q

What protects the organs of the (upper) abdominal cavity

A

Thoracic cage

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87
Q

What is the thoracic cage composed of

A

12 pairs of ribs

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88
Q

Where is the sternum (breastbone) located

A

thoracic cage

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89
Q

What consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton

A

Appendicular skeleton

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90
Q

What is composed of the scapulae (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collar bone)

A

Pectoral girdle

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91
Q

What connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and aids in upper limb movement

A

pectoral girdle

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92
Q

What bones are the humerus, or arm bone, and two forearm bones, a radius, an ulna, and a hand

A

Upper limbs

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93
Q

The humerus, radius, and ulna _____ with each other

A

articulate

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94
Q

What is located at the distal end of the ulna and radius

A

the hand

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95
Q

What are the wrist bones called

A

carpals

96
Q

how many carpal bones are there

A

8

97
Q

what are the palm bones called

A

metacarpals

98
Q

how many metacarpal bones are there

A

5

99
Q

what are the bones of the fingers called

A

phalanges

100
Q

how many bones make up the 5 fingers on a hand

A

14

101
Q

What is made up if 2 os coxae or hip bones

A

pelvic girdle

102
Q

what connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

A

pelvic girdle

103
Q

What makes up the pelvis

A

sacrum and coccyx

104
Q

Protecting the lower abdominal and reproductive organs is the function of what

A

the pelvis

105
Q

What consists of a femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), a fibula (calf bone), and a foot

A

Lower limbs

106
Q

what is the largest bone in the body

A

femur

107
Q

What two bones articulate with each other at the knee joint

A

the femur and tibia

108
Q

what covers the anterior surface of the knee joint

A

patella (kneecap)

109
Q

What consists of an ankle, instep, and toes

A

foot

110
Q

What is the name of the bones that make up the ankle

A

tarsals

111
Q

how many tarsals make up the ankle

A

7

112
Q

what is the name of the bones that make up the instep

A

metatarsals

113
Q

how many metatarsals make up the instep

A

5

114
Q

what is the name of the bones that make up the toes

A

phalanges

115
Q

how many bones make up the toes on one foot

A

14

116
Q

What consists of 22 bones except for the lower jaw which are interlocked along lines called sutures

A

skull

117
Q

How many bones make up the cranium

A

8

118
Q

how many bones form the facial skeleton

A

13

119
Q

what is the name of the lower jaw

A

mandible

120
Q

what part of the skull’s function is to enclose and protect the brain

A

the cranium

121
Q

What are the air filled cavities in the cranium

A

sinuses

122
Q

sinuses connect to what cavity

A

nasal cavity

123
Q

What bone of the cranium forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes, including the forehead, roof of the nasal cavity, and roof of the orbits of the eyes

A

Frontal bone

124
Q

What bone of the cranium is on both sides of the skull, and forms the bulging sides and roof of the cranium

A

Parietal bone

125
Q

The parietal bone is fused at what suture

A

sagittal

126
Q

What suture do the parietal bone and the frontal bone meet

A

coronal suture

127
Q

What bone of the cranium forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium

A

occipital bone

128
Q

The large opening on the lower section of the occipital bone is called…

A

foramen magnum

129
Q

What allows nerve fibers from the brain to pass through and enter the vertebral canal and becomes a part of the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

130
Q

What bone of the cranium forms parts of the sides and bases of the cranium

A

temporal bones

131
Q

What bone of the cranium has an opening which leads to the external auditory meatus and houses the internal ear structures

A

temporal bones

132
Q

What bone of the cranium forms the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors of the orbits

A

sphenoid bone

133
Q

What bone of the cranium forms the part of the roof of the nasal cavity, and nerves associated with sense of smell

A

ethmoid bone

134
Q

What bone of the cranium floor, orbital walls, and nasal cavity

A

ethmoid bone

135
Q

All facial bones are _____ except the jaw

A

immovable

136
Q

What forms the basic shape of the face, and provides attachments for muscles that move and control facial expression

A

facial skeleton

137
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton forms the upper jaw, and the keystone of the face, since these bones are immoveable

A

maxillary bones

138
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton forms the anterior portion of the mouth (hard palate), floors of the orbits, sides and floor of the nasal cavity

A

maxillary bones

139
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton contain sockets for upper teeth, sinuses are also located in this region

A

maxillary bones

140
Q

What forms because the palate incompletely fused

A

cleft plate

141
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton are L-shaped and are located behind the maxilla

A

palatine bones

142
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton forms the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity

A

palatine bones

143
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton forms the lateral walls and floors of the orbits (cheek)

A

Zygomatic bone

144
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton provides the channel that carries tears from eye to nasal cavity

A

lacrimal bones

145
Q

What bones of the facial skeleton are long, thin, and rectangular. They form the bridge of the nose, cartilage attaches to these bones to form the base of the nose

A

nasal bones

146
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton are located along the midline, and form the nasal septum

A

vomer bone

147
Q

What bone of the facial skeleton are the lower jaw, shaped as a horseshoe, with a ramus located on each side.

A

mandible

148
Q

What are inserted on each side of the ramus

A

mandibular foramen

149
Q

Alveolar border contains the sockets for what

A

lower teeth

150
Q

What is the opening which houses nerve, blood vessels which supply the roots of the lower teeth (dentists inject Novocain on this region to block nerve impulses)

A

Mandibular foramen

151
Q

What supplies tissues (blood and nerve tissues) to chin and lower lip

A

mental foramen

152
Q

What extends from the skull to the pelvis and forms the vertical axis of the skeleton

A

Vertebral column

153
Q

The vertebral column is composed of bones called

A

vertebra(e)

154
Q

Bones of the vertebral column are separated by what

A

vertebral disks

155
Q

What are bones of the vertebral column connected to one another by

A

ligaments

156
Q

What supports the head and the trunk of the body and is flexible enough to permit movement

A

the vertebral column

157
Q

-bending forward
-bending backward
-bending to the sides (twisting or rotating)
are all movements allowed by what

A

the vertebral column

158
Q

In the vertebral column what is the neck curvature called

A

cervicle

159
Q

In the vertebral column what is the chest curvature called

A

thoracic

160
Q

In the vertebral column what is the lower back curvature called

A

lumbar

161
Q

In the vertebral column what is the hip curvature called

A

pelvic/sacral

162
Q

What part of the vertebra forms the thick anterior portion of the bone

A

the body

163
Q

what parts of the vertebra form the vertebral arch, around the foramen, through which the spinal cord passes

A

Pedicles, lamina, and spinous process

164
Q

what part of the vertebra does ligaments and muscles attach to

A

transverse process

165
Q

What part of the vertebra has openings which provide passageways for the spinal nerve that proceed between adjacent vertebrae and connect to the spinal cord

A

Intervertebral formania

166
Q

What type of vertebrae is made up of 7 bones of the neck

A

cervical vertebrae

167
Q

which of the cervical vertebrae bones are uniquely forked to provide muscle attachment (fork called bifid)

A

C2-C6

168
Q

which of the cervical vertebrae bones is longer and is called vertebrae prominens because it can be felt through the skin

A

C7

169
Q

which of the cervical vertebrae bones is known as the atlas and supports the head

A

C1

170
Q

which of the cervical vertebrae bones is known as the axis and allows the head to turn

A

C2

171
Q

How many bones is the thoracic vertebrae composed of

A

12

172
Q

What direction do thoracic vertebrae’s spinous process slope

A

downward

173
Q

After T3 in the thoracic vertebrae and moving downward these bones increase in size to support what

A

the body’s weight

174
Q

Lumbar vertebrae is composed of how may bones

A

5

175
Q

Which type of vertebrae have larger and stronger bodies

A

lumbar vertebrae

176
Q

What is the triangular structure located at the base of the vertebral column

A

sacrum

177
Q

The sacrum is composed of _____ vertebrae which develop separately and fuse together between the ages of 18 and 30

A

5

178
Q

in the sacrum nerves and blood pass along through rows called the

A

dorsal sacral foramen

179
Q

The sacrum forms what side of the pelvic cavity

A

posterior

180
Q

What is also known as the tailbone and is composed of 4 vertebrae that fuse together by the age of 25

A

coccyx

181
Q

What acts as a shock absorber while sitting

A

coccyx

182
Q

What is composed of 12 pairs of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebra

A

thoracic cage

183
Q

How many true ribs are on each side of the thoracic cage

A

7

184
Q

How many false ribs are on each side of the thoracic cage

A

3

185
Q

which ribs join the sternum completely

A

true ribs

186
Q

which ribs do not reach the sternum

A

false ribs

187
Q

how many floating ribs are on each side of the thoracic cage

A

2

188
Q

-long slender shaft which curves around the chest and slopes downward
- flattened neck
these are main parts of what

A

ribs

189
Q

Costal cartilage is composed of what

A

hyaline cartilage

190
Q

what is also know as the breastbone

A

the sternum

191
Q

What is located on the midline anterior portion of the thoracic cage

A

the sternum

192
Q

the manubrium, the middle body, and xphoid process are all parts of what

A

the sternum

193
Q

The shoulder girdle is also known as

A

the pectoral girdle

194
Q

The pectoral girdle is composed of 4 parts, _____ clavicles, and ____ scalpulae

A

2; 2

195
Q

Whats function is to support the upper limbs and serves for attachment for several muscles

A

pectoral girdle

196
Q

What function is brace the freely moveable scalpulae and helps keep shoulder in place, and may break easily because it is structurally weak

A

clavicles

197
Q

What is the shape of the scalpulae

A

triangular

198
Q

whats function is to articulate with the head of the arm bone (humerus)

A

glenoid cavity

199
Q

What spine disorder causes the spine to curve significantly inward at the lower back

A

lordosis/sway back

200
Q

What spine disorder causes abnormally rounded upper back

A

Kyphosis

201
Q

What spine disorder causes sideways curve to the spine

A

scoliosis

202
Q

the arm, forearm, and hand are the framework of what

A

the upper limb

203
Q

the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges make up what

A

the upper limb

204
Q

what bone extends from the scalpula to the elbow

A

humerus

205
Q

The greater and lesser tubercle are processes for muscle attachment for what bone

A

humerus

206
Q

Fractures occur here and is located below the tubercle

A

surgical neck

207
Q

Capitualum and trochlea are

A

smooth condoyles

208
Q

articulates radius at elbow is the fuction of what smooth condoyle

A

capitualum

209
Q

Joins the elbow is the function of what smooth condoyle

A

trochlea

210
Q

What part of the upper limb is located on the lateral side of the forearm, and is shorter than the ulna

A

radius

211
Q

What part of the upper limb extends from the elbow to the wrist

A

radius

212
Q

what part of the upper limb is longer than the radius and overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly

A

ulna

213
Q

each finger has ___ finger bones except the thumb

A

3

214
Q

the thumb lacks the _____ phalanx

A

middle

215
Q

what are the three types of phalanxs

A

proximal, middle, distal

216
Q

What consists of two coxae (hip bones)

A

Pelvic girdle

217
Q

what consists of the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle

A

pelvis

218
Q

What supports the trunk of the body, provides attachments for lower limbs, and protects urinary bladder, distal end of the intestinal tract, and internal reproductive organs.

A

pelvic girdle

219
Q

Ilium, ishium, and pubis make up what

A

coxae (hip)

220
Q

What is composed of the thigh, leg and foot

A

lower limb

221
Q

What is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee

A

femur

222
Q

This part of the femur sits in the acetabulum of the coxal bone

A

head

223
Q

What articulates with the femur on its distal anterior surface

A

patella

224
Q

What functions as a lever with lower limb movements

A

patella

225
Q

What is also know as the shin bone, and the lateral side articulates with the fibula

A

tibia

226
Q

the inferior surface of the ______ distal end articulates with the talus of the foot

A

tibia’s

227
Q

what connects the foot to the tibia

A

talus

228
Q

what is the long slender bone located on the lateral side of the tibia

A

fibula

229
Q

What bone of the lower limb does not bear body weight

A

fibula

230
Q

What bone articulates with the tibia and protrudes from the lateral side

A

lateral malleoulus

231
Q

What consists of a tarsus, metatarsals, and 5 toes

A

ankle and foot

232
Q

That tarsus is composed of how many tarsal bones

A

7

233
Q

What bone of the lower limb can move freely where it joins the tibia and fibula forming the ankle

A

talus

234
Q

What is the name of the heel bone that forms the base of the heel

A

calcaneous

235
Q

What bone of the lower limbs function is to support the weight of the body and provide an attachment for muscles that move the foot

A

talus

236
Q

What bones form the ball of the foot

A

metatarsals

237
Q

arches are formed based on the arrangement of ligaments on what two parts of the foot

A

tarsals and metatarsals

238
Q

If tissues in the arch are weaken what happens

A

get flat foot

239
Q

arches in the foot provide what base for the body

A

stable/springy

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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