Anatomy Chapter 5: Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
What is histology?
A
Study of tissues
2
Q
Squamous:
A
Flat and scale-like
3
Q
Cuboidal:
A
cube-shaped
4
Q
Columnar:
A
Column-shaped
5
Q
Simple:
A
1 layer, all same shape
6
Q
Stratified:
A
Many layers, all same shape
7
Q
Transitional:
A
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
8
Q
What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissues?
A
- widespread throughout body
- cover organs
anchored to connective tissue by basement membrane - Lack blood vessels, receive nutrients by diffusion
9
Q
Locations of epithelial tissues:
A
- lines hollow organs
-inner lining of body cavities - always have free surface (exposed to the outside or to an open internal space)
10
Q
How are epithelial tissues divide among the body?
A
Readily divide and tightly packed together
11
Q
Functions of epithelial tissues:
A
Absorption, excretion, secretion
12
Q
What epithelial tissue is…
- single layer of thin flattened cells
- cells fight tightly together, nuclei are broad and thin
- diffusion and filtration occur here easily
A
Simple Squamous
13
Q
What epithelial tissue is located in the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)?
A
Simple Squamous
14
Q
What epithelial tissue is located in the walls of capillaries?
A
Simple Squamous
15
Q
What epithelial tissue is located in the lining of the insides of blood and lymph vessels?
A
Simple Squamous
16
Q
What epithelial tissue is…
- single layer of cube-shaped cells
- have centrally located, spherical nuclei
A
Simple Cuboidal
17
Q
What epithelial tissue covers ovaries?
A
Simple Cuboidal
18
Q
What epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
A
Simple Cuboidal
19
Q
What epithelial tissue is located in the ducts of certain glands (salivary glands, pancreas, and liver)
A
Simple Cuboidal
19
Q
What epithelial tissues functions are
- secretion and absorption (kidney)
- Secretion of glandular products (glands)
A
Simple Cuboidal
20
Q
What epithelial tissue is…
- single layer of elongated cells, nuclei are usually about the same level, near the basement membrane
- ciliated or non-ciliated
A
Simple Columnar
21
Q
What epithelial tissue is located in the stomach, intestines, and uterus?
A
Simple Columnar
22
Q
What is the function of Simple columnar epithelial?
A
Secretion, absorption, protection
23
Q
What epithelial tissue has…
- many flattened layers, tissue appears to be thick
- as new cells form (towards basement membrane) the older cells are pushed outward where they flatten.
A
Stratified Squamous
24
What epithelial tissue is located in the epidermis (older cells accumulate keratin, then they harden and die)?
Stratified Squamous
25
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
protection
26
What epithelial tissue consists of 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells (layers all for more protection)?
Stratified Cuboidal
27
What epithelial tissue is located in the ducts of mammary glands?
Stratified Cuboidal
28
What epithelial tissue is located in sweat glands, salivary glands?
Stratified Cuboidal
29
What epithelial tissue is located in the pancreas?
Stratified Cuboidal
30
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
protection
31
What epithelial tissue consists of
- many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells
- specialized to change in response to increased tension
stratified transitional
32
What epithelial tissue is located in the stomach, uterus wall, and bladder?
stratified transitional
33
What epithelium tissue withstands stress of expansion?
stratified transitional
34
What epithelial tissue consists of a single layer, lined with cilia?
Pseudostratified columnar
35
What is the function of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Protection, secretion, movement of mucus and cells
36
What epithelial tissue is located in the trachea (windpipe) and fallopian tubes?
Pseudostratified columnar
36
What is composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids.
Glandular Epithelium
37
Where are glandular epithelium located
Columnar or cuboidal epithelium
38
Secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
Endocrine
39
Secrete products to the open surfaces such as the skin or lining of the digestive system
Exocrine
40
Simple gland has how many ducts?
one
41
compound gland has how many ducts?
more than one
42
Terminals portions form sac-like dilations called alveolar are...
tubular glands
43
What gland releases fluid products of exocytosis?
Merocrine glands
44
What gland is loose small amounts of cell bodies?
Apocrine glands
45
What gland releases entire cells?
Holocrine glands
46
Merocrine glands are...
most exocrine secretory cells
47
Cells that are watery, and high concentration of enzymes...
Serous cells (sometimes called serous fluid-lining of the body cavity)
48
Cells that secrete mucus, rich with glycoprotein mucin---secreted of the digestive and respiratory systems.
Muous cells
49
What are the general characteristics of connective tissues?
Compose most of the body and are the most abundant type of tissue by weight.
50
What are the functions of connective tissues?
- bind structures
- provide support and protection
- serve as frameworks
- fill spaces, store fats, produce blood cells
- protects against infections, and helps repair tissue damage.
51
Connective tissues are _______ ________, like epithelium-have a matrix (intercellular material)
Not adjacent
52
Connective tissues have a good supply of ____ ____ and are well nourished
blood vessels
53
Bone and cartilage are ______
rigid
54
Areolar, adipose, and dense connective tissue are...
more flexible
55
Most common fixed type of connective tissue (usually present in stable numbers) are..
fibroblast (star-shaped)
56
Carry phagocytosis (wandering cells) are
macrophages
57
What are the functions of macrophages...
- stay attached to fibers but detach themselves to actively move about
- defense against infections
58
Cells that are widely distributed among C.T. - located near blood vessels, release heparin, compound that prevents blood clotting
Mast cells
59
Fibroblasts produce what three types of connective tissue fibers
- collagenous fibers
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
60
What type of fiber is composed of collagen, grouped in long parallel bundles, flexible, slightly elastic, form complex networks in tissues
Collagenous fibers
61
What fiber
-resists pulling forces
- ligaments (bone to bone)
- Tendons (muscle to bone)
Collagenous fibers
62
Abundant collagenous fibers (appear white - sometimes called white fibers)
Dense C.T.
63
Sparse collagenous fibers
Loose C.T.
64
What type of fibers are composed of bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin
Elastic fibers
65
what type of C.T. fiber is weaker than collagenous fibers but are elastic and are sometimes called yellow fibers?
Elastic fibers
66
What are the locations of elastic fibers?
Vocal cords, air passages
67
What type of C.T. fiber is composed of thin collagenous fibers, form supportive networks in a variety of tissues?
Reticular Fibers
68
What type of C.T. fiber is located in the walls of blood vessels, and helps form basement membranes?
Reticular fibers
69
What type of C.T. tissue contains numerous fibroblasts that contain collagenous and elastic fibers? (also referred as areolar tissue)
Loose C.T.
70
What type of C.T binds to skin underlying organs and fills space between muscles?
Loose C.T.
71
What are the two types of loose C.T.?
Adipose tissue (fat) and Reticular C.T.
72
What type of tissue stores fat, enlarge and push nucleus out to the side, looks like marshmallow?
Adipose tissue
73
What type of tissue is located beneath the skin, spaces between muscles, kidneys, surface of the heart.
Adipose tissue
74
What type of tissue's functions are to cushion joints, and insulation?
Adipose tissue
75
What type of C.T. is composed of thin collagenous fibers in a 3-D network. Bind together the cells of smooth muscles?
Reticular C.T.
76
What type of tissue is closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers, fine network of elastic fibers, and fibroblasts?
Dense C.T.
77
Regular Dense C.T., Irregular Dense C.T., and Elastic C.T. are all what type of connective tissue?
Dense C.T.
78
What type of Dense C.T. is strong, withstand pulling (tendons and ligaments). Poor blood supply which slows down tissue repair?
Regular dense C.T.
79
What type of Dense C.T. is thicker, interwoven, and randomly organized; allows tissue to sustain tension?
Irregular dense C.T.
80
What dense C.T. is located in the dermis?
Irregular dense C.T.
81
What type of Dense C.T. is yellow elastic fibers in parallel strands or in branching networks. Fibroblasts are present in the spaces between the fibers.
Elastic C.T.
82
What dense C.T. is located between the vertebrae of spinal column, certain hollow internal organs?
Elastic C.T.
83
What is known as rigid C.T. and provides support and frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissues, and forms structural models for many developing bones?
cartilage
84
What is composed of collagenous fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance?
cartilage
85
______ cells (chondrocytes) occupy small chambers called lacuriae and are completely in the matrix?
cartilage
86
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartiliage are types of what?
cartilage
87
What type of cartilage is a common type, white; found on the end of bones
Hyaline cartilage
88
What type of cartilage is located at the soft portion of the nose, rings of the respiratory system.
The function is to repair bone
Hyaline cartilage
89
What type of cartilage is more flexible than hyaline, external ears and parts of the larynx.
Elastic cartilage
90
What type of cartilage is tough tissue, contains many collagenous fibers?
fibrocartilage
91
What type of cartilage is located in shock absorbers, pads between vertebrae, cushions bones in the knees and pelvic girdle
fibrocartilage
92
What is known as the most rigid C.T.. Hardness due to mineral salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate) in the matrix. Large amount of collagen?
Bone
93
What type of rigid C.T. functions is support, protection, attachment for muscles?
bone
94
What type of rigid C.T. contains red marrow which form blood vessels?
bone
95
What are bone cells form matrix in thin layers called lamellae, which form concentric patterns around capillaries located within central canals?
Osteocytes
96
______- injured bone heals faster than injured cartilage
active tissue
97
What is composed of cells suspended in fluid intercellular matrix called plasma?
blood
98
RBC's, WBC's and platelets are all what?
blood cells
99
What type of blood cells transport gases?
Red bloods cells (erythrocytes)
100
What type of blood cells fight infections?
White blood cells (leukocytes)
101
What type of blood cells are responsible for blood clotting?
Platelets
102
What type of tissue forms blood cells?
Hematopoietic tissues
103
What tissue is located in red bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes.
Hematopoietic tissues
104
What type of tissue is made up of muscle fibers that can shorten and thicken. (as contractions occur, ______ pull at their attached ends which moves body parts
Muscle tissue
105
______ ______ _______ forms muscles that attach to bones
Skeletal muscle tissues
106
Skeletal muscle tissues, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue are all types of what?
Muscle tissue
107
What type of muscle tissue is
- voluntary
- long and thin
skeletal muscle tissue
108
alternating dark and light markings in skeletal muscle tissue are called...
striations
109
What muscle tissue controls movement in the
- head
- trunk
- limbs
- facial expressions
- chewing, swallowing, and breathing (diaphragm)
skeletal muscle tissue
110
What muscle tissue lacks striations?
Smooth muscle tissue
111
What type of muscle tissue is shorter than skeletal muscle and are spindle shaped, single and central located nucleus, involuntary movements?
Smooth muscle tissue
112
What type of muscle tissue comprises the walls of hollow organs?
Smooth muscle tissue
113
What type of muscle tissue functions are to
- move food through digestive tract
- constrict blood vessels
- empties urinary bladder
Smooth muscle tissue
114
What type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart
cardiac muscle tissue
115
What type of muscle tissue is
- striated and joined end-to-end (intercalated disk)
- muscles are branched
- single nucleus
- involuntary
cardiac muscle tissue
116
What type of muscle tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves?
Nervous tissue
117
Nerve cells are called ______ - highly specialized cells
neurons
118
What type of tissue can transmit information by sending nerve impulses along to other neurons or to muscles or glands
nervous tissue
119
What type of tissue can regulate, coordinate, and integrate many body functions
nervous tissue
120
What are cells that support and bind components or nervous tissue?
neuroglia
121
What
- carries on phagocytosis
- help supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels
- may also play a role in cell-to-cell communications
neuroglia
