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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 7: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Are bones organs?

A

Bones are the organs of the skeletal system

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2
Q

Bone composition

A
  • bone tissue (mostly mineral)
  • cartilage
  • dense connective tissue
  • blood
  • nervous tissue
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3
Q

4 Bone Functions

A
  • Support and protect softer tissues.
  • Provide points of attachment for muscles.
  • House blood-producing cells.
  • Store inorganic salts.
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4
Q

Bone Classification by Shape and examples

A
  • Long Bones (a: femur) Long and narrow, Have expanded ends
  • Short Bones (b: talus) Cube-like, length = width, Include sesamoid (round) bones, which are embedded in tendons
  • Flat Bones (c: parietal) Plate-like, with broad surfaces.
  • Irregular Bones (d: vertebra, e: patella) Variety of shapes, Most are connected to several
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5
Q

3 Parts of a Long Bone

A

Epiphysis (proximal or distal ): rounded end of a long bone covered in Articular cartelige

Metaphysis: widening part in between diaphysis and epiphysis contains the “growth plate”

Diaphysis: midsection (shaft) bone marrow and adipose tissue

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6
Q

Physis

A

makes bone growth

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7
Q

Apophysis

A

arise from separate ossification center

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8
Q

Periosteum & Endosteum

A

P: encloses all, except cartilage; continuous with ligaments-tendons; vascular connective tissue (repair)

E: Membrane lines spaces and cavities

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9
Q

Medullary Cavity & Bone Marrow

A

Hollow chamber that contains marrow

  • Red or yellow
  • Soft connective tissue that fills the spaces in the bones
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10
Q

Compact Bone (4) characteristics

A
  • Strong and solid (tightly packed)
  • Weight-bearing
  • Resists compression
  • Formed by Osteons that are “cemented” together
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11
Q

Spongy (Cancellous “L: crossbars”) Bone

5 characteristics

A
  • Formed by Trabeculae: branching plates; has spaces between trabeculae that reduce the bone’s weight
  • Somewhat flexible
  • most of short, flat, irregular bones
  • Osteocytes do not aggregate around a central canal, lies in Trabeculae
  • Extracellular matrix enclose bone marrow and vessels
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12
Q

Haversian System & Volkmann’s Canals

A

H: central canals ↕

V: transverse canals ↔

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13
Q

Microscopic Structure of the Bone

A

Bones are classified as connective tissue (dense osseous tissue), with cells embedded in hard extracellular matrix

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14
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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15
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces in the lamellae which provide an area for bone cells or osteocytes

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16
Q

Canaliculi

A

passageways in Lacunae used to exchange nutrients and waste through diffusion

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17
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A
  • Collagen: bone resilience

- Inorganic salts: hardness ~70% hydroxyapatite

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18
Q

Lamellae

A

Are the concentric circles around the Haversian canal; they are a bone matrix formed from calcium, phosphorus salts and fibres

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19
Q

Bone Growth as Intramembranous Bones

A

Originate within sheet-like layers of embryonic connective tissue (osteogenesis). i.e. Broad, flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic)

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20
Q

Bone Growth as Endochondral Bones

A

When replace hyaline cartilage (ossification).

i.e. Long bones: Femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges, vertebrae.

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21
Q
  1. Intramembranous Ossification:
A
  • Starts as Embryonic Mesenchymal cells (EMC):
  • EMC Central: Growth and differentiate into osteoblasts (deposit bone matrix around themselves) following the dense networks of blood vessels (spongy bone)
  • EMC “periphery”:
    + lining the outside form the periosteum
    + lining the inside form compact bone
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22
Q

2a. Endochondral Ossification:

A

Two ossification centers: from diaphysis (1ry), and epiphyseal plates (2ry)

a. Mases of hyaline cartilage (fetus) shape like future bones
Chondrocytes (cartilage cells, derived from Chondroblast) enlarge and their lacunae grow

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23
Q

2b. Endochondral Ossification:

A

b. Cartilage breaks down and chondrocytes die, then Osteoblasts invade area, depositing bone matrix (Periosteum development)

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24
Q

2c. Endochondral Ossification:

A

c. Blood vessels and differentiating osteoblasts from the periosteum invade the disintegrating tissue.

Some invading cells further differentiate into Osteoblasts and begin forming spongy bone in the space occupied by cartilage.
Once surrounded by bony matrix osteoblast are called Osteocytes

25
Q

2d. Endochondral Ossification:

A

d. Secondary Ossification center appear in Epiphyseal plate (band of cartilage)

26
Q

2e. Endochondral Ossification:

A

e. Spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and epiphysis with the Epiphyseal plate (band of cartilage) in between

27
Q

Epiphyseal Plate (In long bones):

A
  • separate diaphysis from epiphysis

- Region at which bone grows in length.

28
Q

Epiphyseal Plate (In long bones):

A
  • separate diaphysis from epiphysis

- Region at which bone grows in length.

29
Q

Cartilaginous cells of epiphyseal plate form 4 layers

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage:
    - Layer closest to end of epiphysis. No growth
    - Anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis.
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage:
    - Rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis
  3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage:
    - Rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear
    - Thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone
    - Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chondrocytes die)
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage:
    - Thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix.
30
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Invade and replace cartilage with bone tissue.

- Mineralization of bones

31
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Large multinucleate bone cell (derived from monocyte precursor)
  • Absorbs bone tissue (break down calcified matrix) in periphery and inside (to form bone marrow)
32
Q

Bone remodeling occurs throughout life

A

(endosteum and periosteum) 10% to 20% of skeleton is replaced each year

33
Q

Bone Resorption & Bone deposition

A

R: removal of bone (osteoclasts)

D: formation of bone (osteoblasts)

34
Q

Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair

A

Nutrition, sunlight exposure, hormone levels, and physical exercise all affect bone development, growth and repair

35
Q

Vitamin D

A

calcium absorption (deficiency causes rickets [G: spine], osteomalacia)

36
Q

Vitamin A

A

osteoblast & osteoclast activity (deficiency retards bone development)

37
Q

Vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis [90% bone protein] (deficiency [scurvy] fragile bones)

38
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • stimulates cartilage cell division
    Insufficiency: pituitary dwarfism.
    Excess: gigantism (acromegaly)
39
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity

40
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown

41
Q

Sex Hormones (estrogen, testosterone):

A

bone formation, ossification of epiphyseal plates

42
Q

Physical Stress

A

Stimulates bone

43
Q

Enthesis

A

Sites of muscle/ligament attachments

44
Q

Simple (Closed) Fracture

A

Fracture protected by uninjured skin (or mucous membrane).

45
Q

Compound (open) fracture

A

Bone exposed to the outside through opening in skin (or mucous membrane).

46
Q

Hematoma

A

Large blood clot

47
Q

Cartilaginous callus

A

Phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage invades

48
Q

Bony callus

A

Osteoblasts invade, hard callus fills space

49
Q

Remodeling

A

Bone restore close to original shape

50
Q
  1. Support, Protection, and Movement
A
  • Shape for head, face, thorax, limbs
  • Bones of pelvic girdle (form fitting) protect internal reproductive organs, lower abdominal organs
  • Skull bones protect brain, ears, eyes.
  • Bones support body weight (bones of lower limbs, pelvis, vertebral column)
  • Bones of rib cage, shoulder girdle protect heart, lungs.
  • Bones + muscles provide movement
51
Q
  1. Blood Cell Formation
A
  • Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation
  • Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced in red bone marrow
  • With age, some red bone marrow is replaced by yellow bone marrow, which stores fat, but does not produce blood cells
52
Q

Inorganic Salt Storage

A

-About 70% of bone matrix consists of inorganic mineral salts

-Most abundant salt is crystals of hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate).
-Other salts include:
Magnesium ions.
Sodium ions.
Potassium ions.
Carbonate ions.

-Since calcium is vital in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction, blood calcium level is regulated by Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin

53
Q

Number of bones (adult)

Extra/Lack of bone examples

A

~206

Examples:

  • Sutural (wormian) bones in sutures between major skull bones.
  • Small sesamoid bones in tendons; reduce friction.
54
Q

Coccyx

A

Is part of the appendicular skeleton

55
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature of the spine; rounded shoulders and hunchback; caused by poor posture, injury, disease

56
Q

Scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine; one shoulder or hip may be lower than the other, leading to compression of visceral organs.

57
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine; swayback

58
Q

what bone does not articulate with any other bones?

A

Hyoid bone

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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