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Anatomy & Physiology > Ch. 8 Joints > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

A
  • Functional junctions between bones
  • Bind parts of skeletal system together
  • Make bone growth possible
  • Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
  • Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions
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2
Q

Structure

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial (Cavity)
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3
Q

Function

A
  • Synarthrotic: immovable
  • Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable
  • Diarthrotic: freely moveable
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4
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Are held together with dense CT containing collagen fibers:

  • Syndesmosis
  • Suture
  • Gomphosis
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5
Q

Syndesmosis

A
  • Bones bound by connective tissue in a thick sheet (interosseous membrane) or in bundle of fibers (interosseous ligament).
  • By function are “Amphiarthrotic” (flexible, may twist).
    i. e. between tibia and fibula
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6
Q

Suture

A
  • Between flat bones of skull.
  • Thin layer (sutural ligament) connects bones.
  • By function is “Synarthrotic” (immovable).
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7
Q

Gomphosis

A
  • Cone-shaped bony process in a socket in jawbone; i.e. periodontal ligament.
  • By function is “Synarthrotic” (immovable)
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8
Q

The fetal skull contains small regions of hyaline cartilage called fontanels. Why is it important that these “soft” areas are delayed in being converted to bone?

A

These areas allow:
the skull shape to change during childbirth
flexibility in skull structure which aids brain growth during early infancy.

In time, the fontanels close and are replaced by sutures

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9
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
  • 2 Types:
    1. Synchondrosis.
    2. Symphysis
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10
Q

Synchondrosis

A
  • Bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones; called synostosis (bony joint) after ossification (adult)
  • Between manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilages, permanent, synarthrotic).
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11
Q

Symphysis

A
  • Pad of fibrocartilage between bones.
  • Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage.
  • Amphiarthrotic (limited movement).
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Joint between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
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12
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

made of collagen and proteoglycans (retain water) forming a gel-like material that resists compression.

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13
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Fluid-filled joint cavity

- Typically with free movement (Most joints are synovial joints).

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14
Q

Structure of a synovial joint

A
  • Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones.
  • Joint capsule consists of 2 layers:
    = Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments.
    = Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid.
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15
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

reduce friction between the articular cartilage, made of hyaluronan (D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine), lubricin, and interstitial fluid (blood plasma)

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16
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

erosion of articular cartilage

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17
Q

6 Types of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Ball and Socket (Spheroidal):
  2. Condylar Joint (ellipsoidal)
  3. Plane Joint (gliding)
  4. Hinge Joint
  5. Pivot Joint (trochoid)
  6. Saddle Joint (sellar)
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18
Q

Joint dislocation (luxation)

A
  • Abnormal separation in the joint
  • Caused by sudden trauma on the joint like an impact or fall. Cause damage to the surrounding ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves
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19
Q

Origin

A

Part of muscle attached to immovable bone

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20
Q

Insertion

A

Part of a muscle attached to movable bone

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21
Q

Joint Movements

A

Movement at a joint occurs when a muscle contracts, and its fibers pull the insertion towards the origin

22
Q

Abduction

A

moving a limb away from the midline

i.e. raising arm or thigh laterally

23
Q

Flexion

A

decreasing the angle between 2 bones (i.e. head towards the chest)

24
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between two bones (i.e. straightening the knee)

25
Q

Hyperextension

A

increasing the angle greater than at anatomical position (i.e. bending the head back)

26
Q

Adduction

A

moving a limb toward the midline

27
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bringing toes towards the shin

28
Q

Plantar flexion

A

pointing one’s toe (flexion toward the sole)

29
Q

Circumduction

A

moving a limb in a circular motion

30
Q

Rotation

A

turning movement of a bone along its long axis

31
Q

Supination

A

rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces forward or upward (thumbs up)

32
Q

Pronation

A

rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces backwards or downwards (thumbs down)

33
Q

Eversion

A

sole outward

34
Q

inversion

A

sole inward

35
Q

Protraction

A

moving a part forward (chin thrust forward)

36
Q

Retraction

A

Moving a part backward (pulling the head back)

37
Q

Elevation

A

raising a part (shoulder shrug)

38
Q

Depression

A

Lowering a part (depressing the mandible)

39
Q

Examples of large, complex synovial joints

A

Shoulder (Head of humerus and glenoid cavity scapula) , elbow, hip, knee

40
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Contains 2 articulations

- Hinge joint and plane joint

41
Q

Hip Joint

A

Ball-and-socket joint

Head of the femur and the acetabulum of hip bone

42
Q

Knee Joint

A
  • Largest and most complex joint
    Femur: Medial and lateral condyles of distal end.
    Tibia: Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end.
    Patella: Articulates with anterior surface of femur.
43
Q

Cartilage Tears

A
  • Due to compression and shear stress

- Repaired with arthroscopic surgery

44
Q

Sprains

A
  • Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
45
Q

Dislocation (luxation)

A

Bones are forced out of alignment

46
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial dislocation of a joint

47
Q

Bursitis

A
  • Inflammation of the bursa, usually created by blow or friction
  • Treated with rest, ice, and relaxation
48
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
  • Symptoms and treatments similar to those of bursits
49
Q

Which is the easiest bone to dislocate

A

Temporal Mandibular joint

50
Q

Peg in a socket

A

Gomphosis - teeth

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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