Chapter 7 - Questions

Question 1

The oval window and round window are __________ that offer access to ____________ ______________.

Answer 1

membranes; cochlear structures

Question 2

what are the two main sections of the inner ear?

Answer 2

vestibular and cochlear portion

Question 3

What is the entrance to the inner ear?

Answer 3

Oval window

Question 4

What are the four main structures of the vestibular mechanism?

Answer 4

Utricle and Saccule, semicircular canals, and ampulla

Question 5

What is the physiology of the vestibular mechanism?

Answer 5

1/3 of the balance mechanism; stimulation of the vestibular mechanism

Question 6

What are the three parts of the balance mechanism?

Answer 6

the vestibular mechanism, vision, and proprioception

Question 7

Motion of the fluid within the utricle and saccule interprets ________ acceleration

Answer 7

linear

Question 8

motion of the fluid within the semicircular canals interprets ________ acceleration (aka _______)

Answer 8

angular (rotation)

Question 9

saccule is a _______ detector.

Answer 9

gravity

Question 10

what are the three chambers of the cochlea?

Answer 10

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media

Question 11

What are the 5 main structures of the scala media?

Answer 11

Reissner’s membrane, basilar membrane, stria vascularis, spiral ligament, organ of corti

Question 12

Where do the basilar membrane and reissner’s membrane join at?

Answer 12

the helicotrema (scala media is sealed)

Question 13

What is the function of the cochlear?

Answer 13

translate mechanical vibrations of the stapes into neural responses in the auditory branch of the VIII the cranial nerve

Question 14

where is the basilar membrane attatched?

Answer 14

both sides at base, not at apex

Question 15

the basilar membrane is wider at the ______, narrower at the _____

Answer 15

apex, base

Question 16

the basilar membrane is more flaccid at the ______, an stiffer a the _____

Answer 16

apex, base

Question 17

what does ‘resonant characteristics differ along the membrane’ mean?

Answer 17

different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate at different frequencies

Question 18

the point of maximum displacement on the basilar membrane is near the base for _____ frequencies and near the apex for _____ frequencies, this is called:

Answer 18

high, low, tonotopic organization

Question 19

complex sounds have:

Answer 19

two tones, two peaks, two different frequencies

Question 20

the cochlea is the organ of

Answer 20

hearing

Question 21

the cochlea is one of the _______ bony structures in the body

Answer 21

hardest

Question 22

What is the central axis of the cochlea

Answer 22

the modiolus

Question 23

how long is the cochlea?

Answer 23

35mm

Question 24

what is the cochlea’s length divided by?

Answer 24

osseous spiral lamina (bony shelf)

Question 25

the shape of the cochlea is essentially:

Answer 25

a tube of decreasing diameter

Question 26

how many times is the the cochlea coiled?

Answer 26

2 5/8

Question 27

does the cochlea go from base to apex or apex to base?

Answer 27

base to apex

Question 28

a high frequency travelling wave causes maximum displacement in the ______ end

Answer 28

basal

Question 29

a low frequency travelling wave causes maximum displacement in the ______ end

Answer 29

apical

Question 30

the greater the stimulus level of a travelling wave, the greater amount of:

Answer 30

basilar membrane displacement

Question 31

the temporal pattern of the BM follows the _________ pattern of the ______________ sound.

Answer 31

vibratory; stimulating

Question 32

a given location along the BM acts as a _______

Answer 32

filter

Question 33

the filtering effect of the BM does what?

Answer 33

passes along information regarding energy at a certain frequency

Question 34

what is the ‘place theory’ of pitch?

Answer 34

the place of excitation tells us frequency

Question 35

one of the early pioneers in cochlear mechanics was who?

Answer 35

George von Bekesy

Question 36

George von Bekesy used direct observation and cochlear models to prove that changing the _____ of the cochlear canal, the ________ of the stapes, and the _____ of the cochlea all had no effect on:

Answer 36

length; position; fluid; the vibratory patterns of the BM

Question 37

George von Bekesy helped show that vibratory patterns of the BM are very ______

Answer 37

stable

Question 38

George von Bekesy provided experimental evidence of basilar membrane ______ and the ________ _____

Answer 38

movement; travelling wave

Question 39

Von Bekesy did his experiments by dissecting the _______ bone immediately after death, putting ______ membranes over the ____ and _____ windows, attaching a mechanical __________, scattering _______ particles over __________ membrane and then watching the ______. He used both ________ and _________ cadavers.

Answer 39

temporal; rubber; oval and round; vibrator; silver; Reissner’s; motion; human and animal

Question 40

What were two problems with Von Bekesy’s experiments?

Answer 40

1) visual inspections - he had to stimulate in excess of 90 dB to make any observations 2) use of cadavers

Question 41

what are two more refined techniques for measuring cochlear mechanics?

Answer 41

Mossbauer technique, laser interferometry

Question 42

what is the mossbauer techique?

Answer 42

radioactive particles, as BM moves, Doppler shift is noted, amount of absorption of particles decreases, sensitive to very slight velocity differences.

Question 43

which method is more sensitive, mossbauer technique or laser interferometry?

Answer 43

laser interferometry

Question 44

each location of the basilar membrane can be considered as a _____ _____ filter

Answer 44

band pass

Question 45

if a certain area of the basilar membrane doesn’t vibrate in response to a certain frequency stimuli, it means that freuqency is:

Answer 45

outside of the that areas filter