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PSYC 312 History > Chapter 7: Psychoanalysis > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Psychoanalysis Flashcards

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1
Q

who did Freud work with

A
  • Charcot –> was doing work on using hypnosis as treatment for hysteria, and how hysteria could cause paralysis
  • Charcot made the comment “it was always about the genitals” –> inspired Freud’s theory
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2
Q

describe the case of Anna O

A
  • after death of father, had problems like headaches, paralyses, periods of overexcitement, etc.
  • other symptoms of multiple personalities, hallucinations, etc.
  • Breuer used hypnosis the reach causes of symptoms –> used catharsis method
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3
Q

describe the catharsis method

A
  • symptoms were believed to be the result of pent-up emotions
  • if the emotion was released, the symptoms would disappear
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4
Q

what led Freud to his theory of psychoanalysis

A

Breuer’s treatment of Anna O. with the catharsis method (although Breuer disagreed with Freud’s sexual take on it)

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5
Q

what were the three interdependent achievements by Freud

A
  • a method
  • a theory of the neuroses
  • a theory of the normal mind
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6
Q

describe the id according to Freud

A
  • present at birth
  • life instincts (sexual) and death instincts (aggression)
  • most primitive part of mind, most inaccessible
  • no morality
  • pleasure seeking energy (libido)
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7
Q

describe the ego according to Freud

A
  • purpose is to help id satisfy its demands
  • operates according to reality principle
  • controls instincts (but doesn’t inhibit them)
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8
Q

describe the superego according to Freud

A
  • develops through child’s experiences, parental teachings, etc.
  • represents individual’s moral compass
  • may act in direct opposition to the id
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9
Q

what were some symptoms of “hysteria”

A
  • mostly in women
  • hallucinations, headaches, paralysis, etc.
  • sexual dysfunction
  • neuroses
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10
Q

what were central to Freud’s theory of neuroses

A

anxiety, defence mechanisms and childhood sexuality

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11
Q

according to Freud when does anxiety develop

A

when the demands from any of the three factors of the mind overwhelm the ego

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12
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

results from concerns about the id

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13
Q

moral anxiety

A

experienced from violations of the restrictions imposed by the superego

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14
Q

objective anxiety

A

experienced by threats from the external world

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15
Q

describe Freud’s notion of defence mechanisms

A
  • developed by ego to cope with anxieties
  • operate at unconscious level
  • e.g. repression, denial, rationalization, projection
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16
Q

rationalization

A

inventing new ways to think about disappointing or tragic events

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17
Q

projection

A

attributing negative qualities to others that are part of ourselves

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18
Q

describe the benefits and downfalls of defence mechanisms

A
  • can temporarily help avoid or reduce anxiety
  • psychic energy needed to keep anxiety repressed can eventually cause defence mechanisms to break down –> neuroses and psychoses result
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19
Q

seduction theory (Freud)

A

theory of the etiology of hysteria –> children were seduced by adults into sexual encounters (some argued this meant child abuse or rape, but Freud argued it was sexual fantasies not assault)

20
Q

what were some of the techniques used by Freud in psychoanalysis

A
  • free association –> listen to what is and is not being said when patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind
  • dream analysis
21
Q

what were the two “contents” examined in dream analysis

A
  • manifest content –> dream as actually recalled
  • latent content –> hidden information in the dream, the real meaning of the dream
22
Q

according to Freud, what two processes aided a patient’s repression

A
  • resistance –> refusing to reveal or think about certain material during therapy
  • transference –> transferring feelings to the therapist (love, lust, anger)
23
Q

describe the reception of Freud’s theories in America

A
  • Americans were prudish with regard to sexual matters
  • however, it eclipsed experimental psychology
  • influenced American medical community
24
Q

describe some assessment tools in clinical psychology that were influenced by psychoanalysis

A

projective tests like the Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test

25
Q

what are some common criticisms of Freud’s work

A
  • based in anecdote and limited case studies
  • not a falsifiable theory
  • creation off too many concepts that explain opposite outcomes
26
Q

what are some of the most important lasting contributions that Freud has made to the field of clinical psychology

A
  • recognition of unconscious processes
  • importance of early experiences in shaping later behaviours
  • psychological disorders resulting from psychic (rather than somatic) causes
  • defence mechanisms is coping with anxiety
  • attention to matters of sexual behaviour
27
Q

who were the three neo-Freudians who had the largest impact

A
  • Carl Jung
  • Alfred Adler
  • Karen Horney

–> all believed Freud overemphasized sexuality in his theory

28
Q

what were some of the differences between Adler and Freud’s views

A
  • Adler also believed libido was the id’s energy force
  • BUT did not see libido as principally sexual
  • libido = general life force (which includes sex)
29
Q

describe Adler’s “individual psychology”

A
  • emphasized social (not biological) motives as the primary determinants of behaviour
  • individuals seek superiority and a gain of mastery over their environment, striving for perfection
  • seeking a significant life that mattered beyond the individual (i.e. through contributions to society)
  • more about striving for future than controlling past
  • recognized uniqueness of individuals and life style
30
Q

describe Adler’s notion of life style

A
  • individual’s life style is responsible for self-consistency in attitudes and behaviours and unity of personality
  • develops in childhood
  • operates at unconscious level
  • defines individual in terms of thoughts, feelings and behaviours
  • life styles are combination of behavioural and personality variables (e.g. activity level, social interest)
31
Q

getting individual (Adler)

A

typology of life style where person is always taking but never giving anything back

32
Q

ruling individual

A

typology of life style where person has high activity but little/no social interest

33
Q

socially useful individual

A

typology of life style where person is high in activity and social interest

34
Q

what research did Jung start off doing

A

schizophrenia research –> eventually did work defending Freud’s notion of neuroses

35
Q

describe Jung’s analytic psychology

A
  • divided unconscious into two parts: personal unconscious and collective unconscious
  • personal = repressed wishes, experiences, motives
  • collective = archetypes (behavioural tendencies of mystical nature)
36
Q

personal unconscious (Jung)

A

repressed wishes, experiences, motives

37
Q

collective unconscious (Jung)

A

archetypes (behavioural tendencies of mystical nature) –> predisposed people to behave in certain ways

38
Q

what was the most important archetype according to Jung

A
  • the self –> served to integrate conscious and unconscious personality components
  • developed by process of individuation (person comes to accepts their archetypes into a unity of personality)
39
Q

how did Jung see libido

A
  • generalized life energy, not just sexual (same as what Adler thought)
  • could be directed outward towards objects or other people
40
Q

describe Jung’s notions of introversion/extraversion

A
  • saw libido as generalized life energy
  • libido could be directed towards other people in form of introversion or extraversion
  • this influenced the use of these concepts on the MBTI
41
Q

what psychological technique did Jung come up with

A

the word association technique

42
Q

what did Karen Horney argue to critique Freud’s psychoanalysis

A
  • presented on the castration complex (i.e. penis envy) in women, critiquing his demeaning views of women
  • argued that males actually had womb envy –> this is why they denied women of opportunities to maintain the illusion of superiority
43
Q

describe what Horney argued about anxiety

A
  • opposed Freud’s notion that anxiety was a product of psychic demands on the ego
  • emphasized social factors in life as the principle determinant
  • basic/generalized anxiety (feelings of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world)
44
Q

basic hostility (Horney)

A

outcome for individuals whose response to environmental factors was manifested in rage

45
Q

according to Horney, how do individuals cope with anxiety and hostility

A
  • behaviours that take them toward others, away from others, or take action against others
  • propensities identify various personality types
  • e.g. neurotic needs, need for personal admiration, need for perfection, need to exploit others, need for power

PSYC 312 History (9 decks)

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