Chapter 7 Pathophysiology Flashcards
Pathophysiology
the study of how disease processes impact the functions of the body
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
metabolism
the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy
electrolyte
a substance that when dissolved in water, separates into charges particles
aerobic metabolism
the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produces effeciently, with minimal waste products.
anaerobic metabolism
the cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient way, with many waste products.
FiO2
fraction of inspired oxygen, the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe
patent
open and clear, free from obstruction
tidal volume
the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing
minute volume
the amount of air breathes in during each respiration multiplies by the number of breaths per minute.
(tidal volume x respiration rate)
dead air space
the air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange
chemoreceptors
chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
plasma oncotic pressure
the pull exerted by the proteins in the plasma portion of the blood that tends to pull water from the body and into the bloodstream
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel
stretch receptors
sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure
Loss of tone
blood vessels lose their ability to control their diameter
Hypertension
high blood pressure
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
cardiac output
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume)
preload
how much blood is returned to the heart prior to the contraction
afterload
how much pressure the heart has to pump against to force blood out into the system
contractility
the force of contraction, how hard the heart squeezes
perfusion
the supply of oxygen to and removal of waste out from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
hypoperfusion
the inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients
What are the 4 types of shock?
- hypovolemic shock
- distributive shock
- cardiogenic shock
- obstructive shock
hypovolemic shock
occurs when blood is lost from the cardiovascular system or when the volume portion of the blood is lost
distributive shock
blood vessel tone is lost, blood vessels lose their ability to maintain a normal diameter
cardiogenic shock
the heart fails in its ability to pump blood
obstructive shock
blood is physically prevented from flowing
Lou Gehrig’s disease or ALS
a disease that attacks the nervous system
Meningitis
an infection of the protective layer of the brain and spinal cord
diaphoresis
sweating, condition of cool, pale, and moist/sweaty skin
dehydration
an abnormally low amount of water in the body
edema
swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space
hypersensitivity
an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance
