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chapter 7 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

vitamin B6

  • active forms
  • function as a ___ with over 100 enzymes in protein metabolism too (4)
  • daily needs (men and women)
A
  • pyridoxine (plants), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
  • coenzyme; 1. make nonessential AA, convert tryptophan to niacin and hemoglobin to RBC
    2. keep immune and nervous systems healthy
    3. metabolize fats and carbs and breakdown glycogen
  • men: 1.3-1.7 mg/day; women 1.3-1.5 mg.day
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2
Q

vitamin B6

  • food sources
  • UL
  • deficiency symptoms
  • who is at risk due to poor diet
A
  • meat, fish, poultry, fortified cereals, nuts, legumes, peanut butter, and many fruits and veggies
  • 100 mg/day to prevent nerve damage
  • sore tongue, skin inflammation, depression, confusion, anemia
  • those with alcoholism because it causes body to lose B6
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3
Q

Folate

  • definition
  • folic acid
  • 4 functions
A
  • naturally occurring form in foods
  • synthetic form of folate added to foods and supplements
    1. vital for DNA synthesis
      1. create and maintain new cells
      2. help body use AA
      3. reduces some risks of cancer
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4
Q

folate deficiency during pregnancy

  • can result in
  • ex
A

can result in neural tube birth defects

-spina bifida and anencephaly

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5
Q

folate

  • adult daily needs
  • how is folic acid absorbed
  • pregnant women need how much more extra
  • food sources
A
  • 400 ug of dietary folate equivalents (DFE)
  • 1.7 times more efficiently than folate found naturally in foods
  • 400 ug extra from fortified foods/supplements
  • enriched grains (rice, pasta), legumes, broccoli, asparagus, leafy greens
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6
Q

folate

  • UL
  • consuming too much folic acid
  • folate deficiency can lead to
A
  • 1000 ug/day of folic acid from enriched/fortified foods and supplements
  • masks vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
  • macrocytic anemia
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7
Q

macrocytic anemia

  • definition
  • causes what
A
  • large immature RBC become marcocytes (unable to carry O2)

- exhaustion, irritability, shortness of breath

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8
Q

Vitamin B12

  • also called___ because
  • requires what
A
  • cobalamine because it contains the element cobalt

- intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed in sm intestine

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9
Q

intrinsic factor

A

protein made in stomach

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10
Q

pernicious anemia

  • definition
  • treatment
  • how long does it take symptoms to appear
A
  • results in people who cant make intrinsic factor
  • requires B12 injection to bypass intestine
  • years because B12 is stored in liver
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11
Q

Vitamin B12

  • 3 functions
  • adult daily needs
  • ability to absorb naturally occuring B12 from foods ___
A
    1. to make DNA
      1. to use certain FA and AA
      2. for healthy nerves and cells especially RBCs
  • 2.4 ug/day
  • declines with age
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12
Q

Vitamin B12

  • food sources of naturally occuring B12
  • food sources of synthetic B12
  • UL
  • deficiency can cause
A
  • only in animal foods
  • found in fortified foods such as soy milk and some cereals
  • no UL set since there is no known risk from consuming to much
  • macrocytic anemia because folate cant be utilized properly
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13
Q

Vitamin C

  • aka
  • acts as a
  • 4 functions
A
  • ascorbic acid
  • coenzyme to synthesize and use certain AA
    1. needed to make collagen
      1. acts as an antioxidant
      2. helps absorb iron from plant foods
      3. boosts immune system
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14
Q

Vitamin C

  • daily needs (men and women)
  • how do most americans meet these needs
  • ex
  • food sources
A
  • men: 90 mg/day; women: 75 mg/day
  • meets needs by consuming fruits and veggies
  • 1 cup of OJ/day
  • fruits and veggies (tomatoes, broccoli, peppers, oranges, cantaloupe)
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15
Q

Vitamin C

  • UL; to avoid
  • deficiency disease
A
  • 2000 mg/day to avoid nausea, stomach cramps,diarrhea and kidney stones
  • scurvy
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16
Q

scurvy

-symptoms

A

bleeding gums, rough rash, curling arm hair, unhealing wounds, bruising

17
Q

Myths and facts about the common cold

  • truth about catching the common cold
  • vitamin c and the common cold
  • other cold remedies
  • what can you do to avoid in
A
  • direct or indirect contact with cold virus
  • research shows that vit C to be ineffective in preventing colds, but may reduce severity in some people
  • echinaea and zinc (jury is still out)
  • wash hands with soap and water frequently
18
Q

Pantohenic acid and biotin

  • function
  • daily needs of pantothenic acid
  • daily needs of biotin
  • food sources
  • what is biotin synthesized by
A
  • assist in energy metabolism of carbs, fats and protein
  • 5 mg/day
  • 30 ug/day
  • widespread in foods such as whole grains, cereals, nuts, legumes, pb etc
  • intestinal bacteria
19
Q 
Pantothenic acid and biotin
-UL
-adverse effects?
are deficiencies common or rare
-Pantothenic acid deficiency
-biotin deficiency
A
  • no UL
  • no
  • rare
  • burning feet syndrome seen in WWII prisoners
  • hair loss, skin rash, fatigue, nausea, and depression
20
Q

Avidin protein

  • found in
  • what does it do
  • prevents
A
  • raw egg whites
  • binds biotin
  • absorption
21
Q

Choline

  • definition
  • is it classified as a vitamin
  • can body synthesize it
  • daily needs (men and women)
  • found in
  • UL, to prevent
A
  • essential nutrient needed for healthy cells and nerves
  • no
  • yes but it needs to supplement with dietary sources
  • men: 550 mg; women: 425 mg
  • milk, eggs, peanuts, liver
  • 3500 mg/day to prevent hypotension, sweating, vomiting, fishy odor
22
Q

carnitine

  • essential or non essential
  • needed to
  • are there deficiencies
  • sources
  • why are supplements taken and is there research
A
  • non essential
  • utilize fat as energy
  • no
  • meat and dairy
  • to enhance athletic performance; no
23
Q

inositol

  • essential or non essential
  • needed to
  • sources
A
  • non essentials
  • keep cell membranes healthy
  • plants
24
Q

fortified foods

  • definition
  • can provide what
  • excessive use can do what
A
  • foods that have nutrients added to them
  • additional nutrients but should not displace vitamin/mineral rich foods
  • increase risk of overconsumption of some nutrients
25
Q

who might benefit from a supplement

-ex

A
  • people who cannot meet their needs through a regular, varied diet
  • pregnant or lactating women, older people, strict vegetarians, people with food allergies
26
Q

FDA and food

  • when is approval not required
  • when can they remove supplements from the marketplace
A
  • not required for ingredients in use prior to 1994

- when it is shown to be harmful

27
Q

United states pharmacopoeia (USP)

A

seal of approval that ensures quality and safety but does not endorse or validate health claims

Nutrition (13 decks)

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