Chapter 12 Flashcards
food companies spend more than ____ annually to promote their products
- much promotion for
- advertising for ___ are almost non existent
- $10 billion
- poor nutritional product
- fruits and veggies
who are increasingly targets of advertisers
college-aged and young adults
much of your food comes from
small, family run American farms
what do you have to do to be a farm in the US
must produce and sell at least $1000 of agricultural products/year
where are most farms located
midwest, great plains and california
fewer than __ american farmers produce food for population of ___
1 million; 300 million
challenges of farming
- high cost
- demand for low food prices
- competition
- dependence on nature’s cooperation
computers/internet allow for
-government subsides for
- precision agriculture
- commodity crops
agribusiness
- definition
- food portion includes
blending of agricultural and business entities that affect how food, clothes and home goods are developed, processed, distributed and purchased
-food production, agricultural chemicals, finance and trade, management, environmental considerations and land development
agricultural sector employs ___ of US pop
-what compromises a large share
- less than 1/6
- food processing companies
top 3 food crops in the US
corn, soybeans and wheat
worlds largest corn producer
-# of bushels from # of farms in corn belt
-10 bil; 7,400,000 farms
% of worlds soybeans from ___ US famrs
50%; less than 290,000 US farms
% of worlds wheat from ___ farms in great plains
10%; less than 160,000 farms
most staple crops are used for
animal feed, not humans
dominant food animals in US
cows, pigs and chickens
exporting foods
- good
- bad
- US farmers help feed world
- exporting unhealthy eating habits
US farmers help feed world
-__ of farm income from foreign trade
-30%
exporting unhealthy eating habits
- shift to ___ diet
- leads to
- high cal, high fat diet
- globesity (growing incidence of obesity worldwide) becoming a threat
food production in the US
- __ of food in US is imported
- type of food that is imported
- about ___ of fruits and nuts are imported
- 17%
- most fish and shellfish
- 39%; 2 bil worth of bananas anually
in the past few decades vegetable imports have ___
-most coffee is from
- doubled: fruits, juices, nuts up by 20%
- colombia and brazil
importing foods
- 2 primary reasons
- 2 problems
- demand for variety of products year round
- demand for cheap food
- demand for variety of products year round
- environmental costs of long distance shipping
- potential for food contamination overseas (pesticides)
- environmental costs of long distance shipping
how are natural resources used internally and externally?
- internal cost
- external cost
- used internally to produce food and used externally to transport food to consumer
- water, nutrients, etc
- carbon emission (greenhouse gases) and climate change
food may travel ___ miles or more
-how much % of food dollar goes to transport
- 1500 miles
- 12%
loca vore movement
-based on 2 things
- financial and environmental costs to transport
2. idea that locally produced food tastes better
smaller farms provide food in different ways
- community supported agriculture
- farmers markets
- grocery stores
local food system may not be a ___ system
-maintained
- sustainable
- indefinetly
requirements for a home gardener
- type of cost
- 6 requirements
- internal cost; NO external cost
- container
- potting mixture
- plant
- fertilizing
- watering
- harvesting
- container
Requirements for a home gardener
- container
- potting mixture
- plant
- fertilizing
- watering
- harvesting
- ceramic pot, planter boy or other
- soil mix
- various veggies
- enrich soil with powdered fertilizer
- avoid under or over watering
- timing depends of plant type
sustainable food system
- 5 things
- makes other food systems do what
- satifies human food needs
- enhances environmental quality and resources
- makes most efficient uses of nonrenewable resources
- sustains economic viability of farmers
- enhances quality of life for farmers and society
- degrade the env. reduce biodiversity and pollute air and water
sustainable food system
-concerns about:
-soil use, energy use and water use
concerns pertaining sustainable food systems
- soil use
- energy use
- water use
- improper use degrades topsoil, and endangers food soil web
- fossil fuels harm env (using alternatives aids sustainability)
- growing consumption (conservation is necessary)
bovine growth hormone and recombinant bovine growth hormone
- function
- which animal
- required to print on label?
- negative effects?
- stimulates milk production
- cow
- no
- no
antibiotics used in animals to:
- 2
- risk
- government agencies try prevent
- treat and prevent illness
- promote growth by keeping animal healthy
- treat and prevent illness
- growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria, posing threat to humans when consumed
- overuse
pesticides
- definition
- 5 types
- control pests that threaten food supply
- herbicides
- antimicrobials
- fungicides
- biopesticides
- organophosphates
- herbicides
herbicides
kills weed
antimicrobials
kill microorganisms (bacteria, viruses)
fungicides
kill fungi (mold)
biopesticides
derived from natural materials; include sex pheromones
organophosphates
affect NS of pests
risks and regulation of pesticides
- can cause harm to animals
- use is heavily regulated in the US
- risk assessment
risk assessment
a process to determine potential human health risks posed by exposure
alternatives to pesticides
- intergrated pest management
- examples
- intergrated pest management uses methods to control pests but limits harmful impact on humans and env.
- crop rotation, pest resistant crops, biopesticides and natural predators
biotechnology
the application of biological techniques to living cells which alters their genetic makeup
plant breeding
2 plants are crossbred to produce offspring with desired traits from both
genetically modified
a cell that has had its genetic makeup altered
genetic engineering
the biological technique that isolates and manipulates the genes of organisms to produce a targeted, modified product
first GMO crops grown when
- designed to
- proponents believe
- early 1990s
- reduce pesticides and herbicide use
- GMOs are good for environment and food supply
concerns and regulation associated with genetically engineered foods
- what do opponents fear
- many unanswered questions including (5)
- opponents fear creation of “frankenfoods” but industry is tightly regulated by FDA, USDA, EPA
- effects on natural env. and ecological balance
- production of plant toxins
- intro of new allergens into food
- changes in nutrient content
- unsafe animal feed
- effects on natural env. and ecological balance
food policy can lead to
-ex
relabeling and reformulating without providing a healthier food product
-food producers replaced trans fat with saturated fat, with no net positive effect
who is the nations biggest food consumer
-ex
- federal gov
- national school lunch program, summer food service program, emergency food assistance program
food lobbyists
- what do they do
- ex
- exert influence
- 2009 push to tax sugared beverages was blocked in congress
prepackaged meat products
- certified
- fresh poultry
- free range
- kosher
- natural
- no hormones
- no antibiotics
- evaluated by USDA
- never frozen
- allowed outdoors
- under supervision of rabbi
- not defined
- not allowed for pork or poultry in anyway but can be used for milk of beef
- raised without antibiotics
what did USDA develop
National Organic Standards
what does organic farming mean
grown without some synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, bioengineering or irridation
