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Cultural Diversity > Chapter 7 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

“Instinctive horror” theory of incest argues

A

Homo Sapiens is genetically programmed to avoid incest but this theory has been refuted.

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2
Q

Endogamy rules dictate

A

Mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs

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3
Q

Most cultures are endogamous units, while

A

Classes and ethnic groups within a society may also be quasi-endogamous

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4
Q

India’s caste system is

A

An extreme example of endogamy

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5
Q

Castes

A

Stratified groups in which membership is ascribed at birth and is lifelong

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6
Q

Occupational specialization often

A

Sets off one caste from another

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7
Q

Belief that intercaste sexual unions lead to ritual impurity for the higher-caste partner has

A

Helped maintain endogamy and ensures the pure ancestry of high-caste children

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8
Q

While castes are endogamous groups,

A

Many are internally subdivided into exogamous lineages

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9
Q

Edmund Leach observed that several

A

Kinds of rights may be allocated by marriage

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10
Q

Marital rights establish

A

Legal father of a woman’s children, vise versa

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11
Q

Marital rights give either or both spouses a

A

Monopoly in the sexuality of the other

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12
Q

Marital rights give either or both spouses rights to

A

The labor of the other

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13
Q

Marriage can give either or both spouses

A

Rights over the other’s property

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14
Q

Marital rights establish a joint fund of property—

A

A partnership, for the benefit of the children

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15
Q

Marriages establish a socially significant

A

“Relationship of affinity” between spouses and their relatives

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16
Q

There are no logical reasons why same-sex marriage

A

Cannnot allocate all of the rights discussed by Leach

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17
Q

Same-sex marriage is illegal in the US, same-sex couples are denied

A

Many of the rights and benefits enjoyed by different-sex couples

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18
Q

Same-sex marriages have been recognized

A

In various historical and cultural settings

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19
Q

Native American berdaches:

A

Marriage of two women among the Igbo and the Lovedu in Africa

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20
Q

In nonindustrial societies, marriage often is more

A

A relationship between groups than one between individuals

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21
Q

Bridewealth

A

A customary gift before, at, or after the marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin

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22
Q

Bridewealth compensates the bride’s group for

A

The loss of her companionship and labor

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23
Q

Bridewealth aka progeny price because

A

It makes the children born to the woman full members of her husband’s descent group

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24
Q

Bridewealth is common in

A

Patrilineal groups

25
Q

As the value of Bridewealth increases,

A

Marriages become more stable thus is insurance against divorce

26
Q

Dowry

A

Marital exchange in which the wife’s group provides substantial gifts to the husband’s family

27
Q

Dowry correlates with

A

Low female status

28
Q

Much less common than bridewealth

A

Dowry

29
Q

In societies with bridewealth,

A

A woman’s ability to bear children is essential to the stability of her marriage

30
Q

Most nonindustrial food-producing societies allow

A

Plural marriages or polygamy

31
Q

Polygyny

A

A man has more than one wife (common)

32
Q

Polyandry

A

A woman has more than one husband (rare)

33
Q

Polygyny may result from

A

An infertile wife still married to her husband after he has taken a substitute wife

34
Q

Durable alliances

A

Customs that highlight the importance of marriage as an alliance between groups

35
Q

Sororate marriage

A

A widower marries one of his deceased wife’s sisters

36
Q

Levirate marriage

A

A widow marries one of her deceased husband’s brothers

37
Q

The ease of divorce

A

Varies across cultures

38
Q

Marriages that are political alliances between groups are

A

Harder to break up than are marriages between individual affairs

39
Q

Substantial bridewealth discourages divorce and

A

Replacement marriages also help to preserve group alliances

40
Q

Divorce is more common in

A

Matrilineal and matrilocal societies (Hopi of the American Southwest)

41
Q

Divorce is harder in patrilocal societies,

A

A woman may be less inclined to leave her children, who are members of their father’s lineage

42
Q

In contemporary Western societies, divorce may occur when

A

Sex, romance and/or companionship fade

43
Q

In contemporary Western societies, marriage stay intact when

A

Economic ties, obligations to children, concern about public opinion or simple inertia

44
Q

Polygamy

A

Marriage to more than one person

45
Q

Polygamy is illegal in contemporary North America but

A

North Americans do practice serial monogamy

46
Q

Monogamy

A

Remarrying after divorce

47
Q

Even in cultures that encourage polygyny,

A

Monogamy still tends to be the norm

48
Q

Customs of men marrying later than women promotes

A

Polygyny

49
Q

Context and function of polygyny vary from

A

Society to society, even within the same society

50
Q

Polyandry is quite rare, being practiced almost exclusively in

A

South Asia (Tibet, Nepal, India and Sri Lanka)

51
Q

Polyandry seems to be a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with

A

Customary male travel for trade, commerce, and military operations

52
Q

Fraternal polyandry is

A

An effective strategy when resources are scarce

53
Q

Brothers with limited resources can

A

Pool their resources in expanded (polyandrous) households

54
Q

Since Polyandry restricts the number of wives and heirs,

A

Lands can be transmitted with minimal fragmentation

55
Q

Polygamy was banned in Turkey in 1926 but

A

Continues to be practiced, leaving second wives unprotected by laws that cover marriages

56
Q

Aga Mehmet Arslan has

A

5 wives, 55 children, 80 grandchildren

57
Q

Aga Mehmet Arslan doesn’t think he has done anything wrong in

A

Practicing polygyny

58
Q

Aga Mehmet Arslan admits there are problems with plural marriages, like

A

Jealousy and financial obligations

59
Q

Turkey is trying to reconcile secularism and

A

Acceptance into the world community with Muslim traditions

Cultural Diversity (3 decks)

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