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Cultural Diversity > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Nuclear families

A

Consists of parents and their children

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2
Q

Most people belong to ____ nuclear families

A

Two

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3
Q

A family of orientation

A

The family in which one is born and grows up

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4
Q

A family of procreation

A

Formed when one marries and has children

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5
Q

Nuclear family organization is

A

Widespread but not universal

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6
Q

In certain societies, the nuclear family is

A

Rare, nonexistent or has no special role

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7
Q

Extended families and descent groups most or all

A

Functions otherwise associated with the nuclear family

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8
Q

Among the Muslims of western Bosnia

A

Nuclear families were embedded within large extended families

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9
Q

Zadrugas

A

Large extended families headed by a male household head and his wife

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10
Q

Tarawads

A

Nayars of southern India lived in matrilineal extended family compounds, headed by a senior woman

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11
Q

For many North Americans, the nuclear family is

A

The only well-defined kin group

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12
Q

Most prevalent residence pattern among middle-class North Americans

A

Neolocality

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13
Q

Neolocality

A

Married couples are expected to establish a new place of residence

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14
Q

Expanded family households (includes non-nuclear relatives)

A

Are more common among lower-class North Americans

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15
Q

An extended family household includes

A

Three or more generations

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16
Q

A collateral household includes

A

Siblings, their spouses, and children

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17
Q

Greater frequency of expanded family households among poorer Americans

A

Is an adaptation to poverty that enables relatives to pool their resources

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18
Q

Nuclear family remains a cultural idea for Americans, other domestic arrangements

A

Outnumber the “traditional” American household more than four to one

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19
Q

With more women joining the workforce,

A

The age of first marriage has increased

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20
Q

Just as the divorce rate has also risen dramatically,

A

the number of single-parent families has too

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21
Q

Percentage of adults who are married has

A

Decreased

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22
Q

Trends toward smaller families and living units in the US is

A

Also detectable in Western Europe and other industrial nations

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23
Q

Two basic social units of traditional foraging societies

A

Nuclear family and the band

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24
Q

Although nuclear families are impermanent among foragers and in other societies

A

They are usually more stable than bands are

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25
Q

Typically, bands exist only seasonally

A

Breaking up into nuclear families when resources became scarce

26
Q

Mobility and the emphasis on small, economically self-sufficient family units

A

Promote the nuclear family as a basic kin group in both industrial and foraging societies

27
Q

Descent group

A

A permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry

28
Q

Two types of unilineal descent

A

Patrilineal and Matrilineal

29
Q

Patrilineal descent

A

People automatically have lifetime membership in their father’s group

30
Q

In Patrilineal descent children of the group’s men

A

Join the group while the children of the group’s women are excluded

31
Q

Matrilineal descent

A

People join the mother’s group automatically at birth and stay members throughout life

32
Q

Matrilineal descent groups include

A

Only children of the group’s women

33
Q

Patrilineal descent is much more

A

Common than matrilineal descent

34
Q

Descent groups may be

A

Lineages or clans

35
Q

Lineage

A

A descent group whose members can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor

36
Q

Clan

A

A descent group whose members claim common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it

37
Q

Demonstrated descent

A

Lineage

38
Q

Stipulated descent

A

Clan

39
Q

Totem

A

A clan’s apical ancestor who is nonhuman (an animal or a plant)

40
Q

Descent groups usually have

A

Branches that live in different villages

41
Q

Many societies have both

A

Lineages and clans

42
Q

Descent groups are permanent and

A

Enduring units whose members have access to lineage estates

43
Q

Patrilineal and matrilineal descent, and post-marital residence rules

A

Ensures half of the people born in each generation will live on the ancestral estate

44
Q

Two different unilocal rules of post-martial residence

A

Patrilocality and Matrilocality

45
Q

Patrilocality

A

Rule for married couples, they move to the husband’s community and their children grow up in their father’s village

46
Q

Matrilocality

A

Rule for married couples, they live in the wife’s community so their children grow up in their mother’s village

47
Q

There is no single definition of _____ to account for across cultures.

A

Marriage

48
Q

Not a universally valid definition for marriage

A

A man and woman such that children born are recognized as legitimate offspring

49
Q

Many societies have norms of plural marriage or

A

Same-sex marriage

50
Q

Some societies focus on civil marriages while

A

Others focus on religious marriage

51
Q

Some societies focus on biological paternity while

A

Others focus on social paternity

52
Q

Exogamy

A

Practice of seeking a spouse outside one’s own group

53
Q

Exogamy forces people to

A

Create and maintain a wide social network

54
Q

Wider social network nurtures, helps, and protects

A

One’s group during times of need

55
Q

Incest

A

Refers to sexual relations with a relative

56
Q

Incest taboo is

A

A cultural universal

57
Q

What constitutes incest varies

A

Widely from culture to culture

58
Q

A cross-cultural study of 87 societies revealed

A

Incest occurred in several of them

59
Q

A number of classic ethnographies reported incidents of incest among,

A

Yanomami, Ashanti and Ojibwa

60
Q

Statistics show a significant risk of father-daughter incest under certain conditions,

A

Such as stepfathers and fathers without significant parental responsibility

Cultural Diversity (3 decks)

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