Chapter 5

Question 1

Cohen

Answer 1

Adaptive strategy describes a society’s system of economic production

Question 2

Five Main Adaptive Strategies

Answer 2

Foraging, Horticulture, Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Industrialism

Question 3

Correlations

Answer 3

Association or covariation with two or more variables

Question 4

Bands

Answer 4

Small groups, fewer than a hundred people

Question 5

Correlates of Foraging

Answer 5

Members related by kinship or marriage may split up during part of the year, mobility

Question 6

Gender-based division of Labor

Answer 6

Men typically hunt and fish, women gather and collect

Question 7

Gathering

Answer 7

Tends to contribute more to the diet than hunting and fishing do

Question 8

Correlates of foraging (continued)

Answer 8

Age-based social distinctions

Question 9

Horticulture

Answer 9

Cultivation that does not make intensive use of land, labor, capital, or machinery

Question 10

Horticulture uses

Answer 10

Simple tools, slash-and-burn techniques

Question 11

Horticulture with plots of land

Answer 11

They shifted between plots of land, exhausted plots left fallow for a period of time

Question 12

Agriculture

Answer 12

Cultivation that involves intensive and continuous use of land

Question 13

Agriculture compared to Horticulture

Answer 13

More labor-intensive than horticulture

Question 14

Domesticated animals

Answer 14

Used for transport, as cultivating machines and for their manure

Question 15

Agriculture uses

Answer 15

Irrigation and terracing

Question 16

Costs and benefits of agriculture

Answer 16

Does not necessarily produce higher single-year yields than horticulture, very labor-intensive (lower yield)

Question 17

Main Advantage of Agriculture

Answer 17

Greater, more dependable long-term yield

Question 18

Agricultural Intensification

Answer 18

People and the environment

Question 19

Intensified food production associated with:

Answer 19

Sedentary people, increased population size and density and increased regulation

Question 20

Negative environmental effects:

Answer 20

Disease, deforestation, and loss of ecological diversity

Question 21

Pastorlists

Answer 21

Activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yak, and reindeer

Question 22

Pastoralism

Answer 22

Symbiotic relationship, direct use of animals for food, and supplement diets by hunting, gathering, fishing, etc.

Question 23

Two patterns of movement in Pastoralism

Answer 23

Nomadism and Transhumance

Question 24

Nomadism

Answer 24

Entire group moves with animals throughout the year

Question 25

Transhumance

Answer 25

Part of group moves with the herds, but most people stay in the home village

Question 26

A case of industrial alienation

Answer 26

Thousands of young women assemble microchips and microcomponents

Question 27

Industrial alienation involved

Answer 27

Rigid work routine, constant supervision by men, three shifts daily, overtime, and surveillance

Question 28

Spirit possession

Answer 28

May be unconscious protest

Question 29

Anthropology demonstrates

Answer 29

People are not always motivated by desire to maximize profit

Question 30

People may try to maximize

Answer 30

Profit, wealth, prestige, pleasure, comfort, or social harmony

Question 31

People invest scarce resources in what?

Answer 31

Subsistence, replacement, social, ceremonial, and rent funds

Question 32

Peasants

Answer 32

small-scale agriculturalists in nonindustrial states with rent fund obligations

Question 33

Peasants live in?

Answer 33

State organized societies

Question 34

Polyani’s 3 Principles

Answer 34

market principle, redistribution, reciprocity

Question 35

The market principle

Answer 35

in world capitalist economy, market principle governs distribution of means of production (law of supply and demand)

Question 36

Redistribution

Answer 36

Goods (or services) move from the local level to a center and the flow of goods eventually reverses direction

Question 37

Reciprocity (exchange between social equals)

Answer 37

normally related by kinship, marriage, or another close personal tie

Question 38

Generalized reciprocity

Answer 38

someone gives and expects nothing immediate in return

Question 39

Balanced reciprocity

Answer 39

exchanges between people who are more distantly related

Question 40

Negative reciprocity

Answer 40

exchanges with people on fringes or outside of social system; full of ambiguity and distrust

Question 41

United States coexistence of exchange principles

Answer 41

market principle and reciprocal exchanges also occur

Question 42

Potlatching (Tribes of North Pacific Coast of North America)

Answer 42

rituals in which sponsors gave away resources in exchange for a greater prestige