Chapter 7: Parents and their School-Age Children

Question 1

Promoting School-Age Children’s Social-Emotional Development

What do parents often choose as the easiest years of childrearing? Why (3)?

Answer 1

7-11

• children master dozens of new skills
• children are able to learn quickly and think logically
• children live in a social world wherein most children think their parents are helpful, their teachers are fair, and their friends are loyal

Question 2

Promoting School-Age Children’s Social-Emotional Development

What do school-age children experience in their broadening ventures in their neighbourhood and school? (5)

Answer 2

• greater vulnerability
• increasing competence
• ongoing friendships
• troubling rivalries
• deeper social understanding

Question 3

Promoting School-Age Children’s Social-Emotional Development

What are elementary school children’s social-emotional development influenced by?

Answer 3

the degree to which their parents provide organized activities for them, and monitor their informal leisure activities

Question 4

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What do school-age children judge themselves as?

Answer 4

competent or incompetent
productive or failing

based on their level of success in mastering the skills valued by their parents and other significant adults

Question 5

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What do parents do to assist their children in their quest for competence? (4)

Answer 5

• encourage them to try out new things
• provide the materials and instruction needed to learn new skills
• pay attention to the progress they are making in developing competence in a particular area
• provide direct help when needed

Question 6

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What are 2 of the most meaningful activities for the development of skills and competencies during the school-age years?

Answer 6

sports

hobbies

Question 7

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What contributes to a child’s need for industry?

Answer 7

the discipline, self- direction, and sense of competence that come from working on a hobby or playing sports

Question 8

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What contributes to self-esteem and later identity development?

Answer 8

investing the necessary time to become knowledgeable about, or skillful, in activities (hobbies, sports) helps define for children the ways in which they are unique

Question 9

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What else can be beneficial for self-esteem?

Answer 9

increasing the frequency and quality of arts-based activities – ie. music, drama, or dance

Question 10

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What are social skills? (3)

Answer 10

• competence to modify behaviour in accordance with the social context
• ability to engage in interactions with adults and peers
• ability to use verbal expression appropriately

Question 11

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What does acquisition of social skills contribute to?

Answer 11

positive social and behavioural functioning

Question 12

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

Why does modifying behaviour in accordance with social context involve a number of complexities?

Answer 12

as pointed out by Bronfenbrenner, the various systems in which the child is typically engaged become expanded during this developmental stage

another theoretical perspective to consider when contemplating the role of parents in the development of social skills is that the range of behaviours that are associated with social skills is culturally determined – reflect the culture of the child’s family and community

Question 13

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What is the most significant type of parent-child interaction for supporting children’s self-esteem, as well as their positive interactions with others?

Answer 13

effective parent–child communication

Question 14

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development – Co-regulation

What provides the foundation for parent-child co-regulation of behaviour as children enter elementary school?

Answer 14

self-regulation acquired during the preschool years

Question 15

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development – Co-regulation

What is due to children’s advances in cognitive development?

Answer 15

children are prepared for a greater sharing of social power during middle childhood

Question 16

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development – Co-regulation

What does parent–child co-regulation become a predominant aspect of?

Answer 16

appropriate child socialization during middle childhood developmental stage

Question 17

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

What are some advantageous outcomes of parent-child co-regulation?

Answer 17

• contributes to early behaviour adjustment, which assists children in all their social relationships (including those with parents, siblings, and friends)
• associated with fewer behavior problems in school-age children

Question 18

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

Example of Co-regulation

Answer 18

Charlie: “Mom, can I invite Miguel over for dinner?”

Mom: “Sure. Will you make sure he checks with his parents to be sure that it is okay.”

Charlie: “Okay, Mom.”

Question 19

Parental Influences on Their Children’s Psychosocial Development

Should the entire parent-child relationship be co-regulated?

Answer 19

NO

essential that parents of school-age children continue to structure their children’s daily activities, monitor their whereabouts, require certain levels of responsible behavioUr, and step in to exercise more control when necessary

Question 20

Parental Influences on Children’s Social Relationships

What are some characteristics of children who are liked and accepted by their peers (popular)?

Answer 20

• more positive social traits
• better social problem-solving skills
• more constructive social behaviour
• better friendship relations

Question 21

Parental Influences on Children’s Social Relationships – Childrearing Patterns

What is authoritative parenting linked with?

Answer 21

• more positive relationships with their peers (compared to authoritarian, permissive, indulgent, or uninvolved)
• encouragement of children’s participation in decision making appears to provide them the experience needed to engage in thoughtful and responsible behaviours when interacting with their peers
• behavioural control of parents promotes ability to use self-regulation in social situations
• related to children’s behaviors that reflect empathy and altruism
• more positive social functioning with family members and peer

Question 22

Parental Influences on Children’s Social Relationships – Childrearing Patterns

What is authoritarian parenting linked with?

Answer 22

• less socially adept
• more at risk for behaviour problems
• social problems attributed to parents’ overly strict and often harsh use of discipline (physical, often supported by cultural beliefs)
• greater use of physical punishment was consistently associated with more aggression and anxiety in children

Question 23

Parental Influences on Children’s Social Relationships – Childrearing Patterns

What is permissive parenting linked with?

Answer 23

• more difficulties in peer relationships due to their typically immature behaviours
• often lack impulse control and show less social responsibility

Question 24

Parental Influences on Children’s Social Relationships – Childrearing Patterns

What is uninvolved parenting linked with?

Answer 24

• suffer socially
• experience problems in developing and sustaining friendships with other children because they low levels of affection and often endure high levels of criticism and hostility from their parents

Question 25

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Attachment What is one of the differences between parental attachment of preschool and school-age children?

Answer 25

from early to middle childhood, there is a steady decline in the utilization of attachment figures however, child’s perceptions of parent availability do not change

Question 26

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Attachment Who do children typically turn to to meet attachment needs and companionship needs?

Answer 26

attachment – parents | companionship – peers

Question 27

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Attachment How does the awareness of parental availability play out in school-age children’s peer relationships?

Answer 27

- children’s perceptions of security from both parents were related to others’ appraisals of children’s social competence - children with perceived security to fathers displayed lower levels of aggression - parents continue to serve secure-base functions for school-age children with secure attachment - children who view relationships with parents as less secure are more likely to select peers to fulfill attachment functions

Question 28

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Context What are the links between community and parental support?

Answer 28

as neighbourhood conditions worsen, parental emotional support is weakened as surrounding environments become poorer and more dangerous, parents tend to rely more on physical discipline negative effects of neighbourhood disadvantage are compounded also when there are high levels of parent-child conflict

Question 29

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Context What are the consequences of a highly negative social climate for children?

Answer 29

more internalizing and externalizing problems

Question 30

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Context What factors mediate adverse effects of parenting in at-risk communities?

Answer 30

- opportunities for community involvement contributes to fewer behaviour problems - community social support contributes to more positive parenting behaviours and fewer behaviours problems among children - high level of parental involvement is associated with fewer behaviour problems in all types of neighbourhoods – when parents encourage their children to express their opinions and take their children’s views into consideration, children exhibit lower levels of internalizing and externalizing behaviours

Question 31

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities What types of activities are we considering here?

Answer 31

- sports - music - band - dance - drama - crafts - scouting - church, synagogue or mosque activities - recreational camps

Question 32

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities What do these activities help children do?

Answer 32

achieve peer group status, while broadening their scope of learning

Question 33

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities What does being involved in organized peer group activities do? (3)

Answer 33

- extends children’s peer group interactions beyond the classroom - provides opportunities to interact with other children who share their interests - creates chances to make and sustain positive peer relationships

Question 34

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities What is a cultural advantage of participating in activities?

Answer 34

activities often provide opportunities for children to learn about cultural practices other than their own and develop friendships with children from a variety of cultural backgrounds

Question 35

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities In what ways does participation in organized physical activity benefit children's sense of well-being? (4)

Answer 35

- elevated self-confidence, more involvement with school - fewer behaviour problems - less likelihood of taking drugs - decreased probability of engaging in risky behaviour

Question 36

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities What does sports participation do for shy children?

Answer 36

plays a protective role over time show a significant decrease in anxiety

Question 37

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities Is sports activity related to depression?

Answer 37

depressive symptoms are higher for children not playing sports outside of school or otherwise engaged in activities that require high levels of physical activity

Question 38

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Structure Leisure Activities Describe differences in children’s involvement in adult-supervised activities.

Answer 38

middle-class parents arrange out-of-school activities to cultivate their children’s talents working-class and poor parents leave the arrangement of leisure activities to the children themselves

Question 39

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What is associated with lack of parental monitoring of informal leisure activities?

Answer 39

higher rates of problem behaviours, such as delinquency and the use of drugs and alcohol

Question 40

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities Who does childhood bullying harm?

Answer 40

both bullies and victims

Question 41

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities Do aggressive children have high or low perceptions of themselves?

Answer 41

high, or even inflated typically overestimate their competencies in terms of their peer status, and academic and athletic domains

Question 42

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities How do peer-identified bullies compare to children who are socially adjusted?

Answer 42

peer-identified bullies tend to be lower on depression, social anxiety, and loneliness

Question 43

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities How do childhood bullies maintain their positive self-views?

Answer 43

blame and be aggressive to others instead of accepting personal responsibility for negative events social feedback bullies receive from peers is more positive than negative even though children usually do not like those who bully others, they are still likely to side with the bully partly to safeguard their social status, reputation, and physical safety

Question 44

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What are non-behavioural characteristics that make some children more at risk for being victimized by childhood bullies?

Answer 44

any condition or characteristic that makes children stand out from their peers ie. obesity, off-time pubertal maturation, disabilities

Question 45

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What is a common way that victims of childhood bullies respond to bullying?

Answer 45

through avoidance behaviour (such as not going to school or refusing to go to certain places)

Question 46

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What is common in families of children who become bullies or victims? (3)

Answer 46

interparental violence and harsh parenting – such parental behaviour creates an interpersonal model for relating with peers that is not conducive to the development of normative and harmonious peer relationships poor quality of attachment different family dynamics

Question 47

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What does evidence suggest about the homes that childhood bullies come from?

Answer 47

- parents favour physical discipline - parents are frequently hostile and rejecting - parents have poor problem-solving skills - parents are accepting of aggressive childhood behaviour - parents teach their children to retaliate at the least provocation - children are often made to do chores that are too difficult or dangerous

Question 48

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What is a common home experience for both childhood bullies and childhood victims?

Answer 48

interparental violence

Question 49

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities Parenting influences on the childhood victims of bullies have been found to be gender-related. What are some examples of this?

Answer 49

- maternal overprotection: associated with victimization of boys - poor identification with mothers: linked to victimization of girls

Question 50

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What does overprotective parenting of boys likely interfere with?

Answer 50

development of behaviours such as independence and assertion that are valued by male peers, and needed by boys to defend their position in the dominance hierarchy common to school-age peer groups

Question 51

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What does low maternal identification and father alienation with girls do?

Answer 51

increases girls’ risk for becoming childhood victims - parenting behaviour most predictive of girls’ victimization is perceived threat of rejection, which is experienced when girls’ mothers threaten to abandon them, send them away, or appear to stop loving them when they misbehave - problems related to parental closeness – father-child relationship (girl victims experience more alienation from their fathers)

Question 52

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What does bullying do?

Answer 52

sometimes allows children to achieve their immediate goal, but is a risk factor for future maladaptive behaviours

Question 53

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What are school-age bullies at greater risk for?

Answer 53

becoming involved in in delinquency, crime, and alcohol abuse during their teenage years

Question 54

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What are the damaging effects to school-age victims?

Answer 54

``` anxiety depression underachievement low self-esteem loneliness ``` effects are detrimental and persist over time

Question 55

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities What is the 5-step strategy designed to prevent childhood bullying and victimization?

Answer 55

- monitor children’s activities and whereabouts - develop and use rules and consequences - reframe behaviours in positive instead of negative ways - focus on children’s positive behaviours - develop and use effective listening skills

Question 56

Parental Influences on Children's Social Relationships – Informal Leisure Activities How should cyberbullying be handled by parents?

Answer 56

children need to be taught to: - report negative messages to their parents or teachers - not pass along negative messages to other children—“not repeat, just delete” - set up blocks to messages from cyberbullies - respect the rights and feelings of others in cyberspace taking away cell phones or denying computer access might make it less likely that they will tell parents about future bullying incidents

Question 57

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Logical Reasoning Preschoolers vs. School-Age Children

Answer 57

preschool: make judgements based on intuitive thinking, and are easily fooled by appearances school-age: logical thinking

Question 58

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Logical Reasoning When does logical thinking at this stage of development emerge?

Answer 58

emerges as egocentrism decreases, allowing them to decenter their attention

Question 59

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Logical Reasoning What happens as children develop logical reasoning?

Answer 59

- able to take into account multiple aspects of a situation, which greatly enhances their problem-solving ability - able to focus on present, past, and future events, and therefore capable of planning ahead and considering how current efforts relate to future accomplishments

Question 60

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Logical Reasoning What is a favourable aspect of logical reasoning?

Answer 60

ability to classify, which helps school-age children put objects into more sophisticated categories than they were able to do during the preschool years

Question 61

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Logical Reasoning What does logical thinking ability allow parents to do?

Answer 61

- use more complex speech, because children are able to understand metaphors, realize that some words have multiple meanings, and comprehend reverse-order sentences - point out to them the ways in which their behaviours affect others, thereby promoting their development of empathy - assist in development of ability to classify by supporting their interests in collections of various objects, and by making recommendations for categorization, ordering, and collecting that their children might not have considered - support children’s ability to consider past, present, and future events by providing them with calendars and watches

Question 62

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Logical Reasoning What is logical thinking?

Answer 62

decentreing concentration

Question 63

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Guided Participation What did Vygotsky theorize?

Answer 63

parents and other adults shape children’s cognitive development by working closely with them as partners in the scaffolding of their learning

Question 64

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Guided Participation What do parents do through guided participation?

Answer 64

parents lead their children toward greater understanding of the task at hand, while assisting them in the development of their own comprehension of the task

Question 65

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – Guided Participation What might guided participation include?

Answer 65

- remarks designed to motivate the child to solve the problem - assisting the child in focusing attention on the important steps - providing instruction - encouraging the child’s interest and motivation

Question 66

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What is school-age children's achievement related to?

Answer 66

parents'... - childrearing patterns and attributions - expectations of academic success - ages when their children were born - cultural values

Question 67

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What is children's academic performance also affected by? (2)

Answer 67

- degree to which their parents involve them in extracurricular activities - whether or not their family lives in poverty and/or are recent immigrant

Question 68

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What is authoritative parenting linked to?

Answer 68

higher levels of achievement for children

Question 69

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What is permissive parenting linked to?

Answer 69

low levels of achievement

Question 70

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What is authoritarian parenting linked to?

Answer 70

low levels of achievement

Question 71

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What is uninvolved parenting linked to?

Answer 71

low levels of achievement

Question 72

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement In what ways do authoritative parents promote their children's achievement?

Answer 72

- provide optimal challenges for their children, which encourages children's independent and active problem solving - recognizing their individual interests and unique personalities

Question 73

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement How do parental attributions and aspirations act as salient predictors of children's academic success?

Answer 73

high aspirations for children’s achievement are found across different ethnicities however, within each group, parental education and ethnicity are associated with different levels of academic aspirations Caucasian parents with lower levels of education had lower academic aspirations for their children in comparison to parents of other ethnicities of similar education

Question 74

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What is the link between extracurricular activities and academic achievement?

Answer 74

children who consistently participate in extracurricular activities obtain higher standardized test scores when those activities involve aerobic exercise (ie. sports, dance) they tend to enhance children’s total academic achievement (math, reading)

Question 75

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What are some family risk factors that affect children's academic achievement?

Answer 75

- minority status, low maternal education, and low family income – significant negative effects on reading, math, and vocabulary achievement in first grade - long periods of elevated maternal depressive symptoms - parental age (younger = negative) - parental work schedule (night shift = negative)

Question 76

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement How does culture influence children's school achievement?

Answer 76

parental goals are embedded in cultural norms, and when parental goals are reflected in their children’s school environment, it is easier for these children to achieve achievement expectations of ethnic minority parents need to be matched by culturally relevant school environments that support the cultural values of all children when the basics of children’s culture are included in learning tasks and contexts, children improve in performance, engagement, and motivation ie. when African American children are placed in learning environments that allow for the expression of communalism, their achievement levels improve

Question 77

Promoting School-Age Children's Cognitive Development – School Achievement What creates challenge for minority children?

Answer 77

mainstream cultural norms - problem is that academic success often is contingent on the acceptance of mainstream cultural values that are at times different from the values they learn at home and in their communities - this reality creates a dynamic in which many ethnic minority children are consistently penalized for not expressing the values and behaviours promoted by the mainstream majority culture - over time, this situation leads children to question their place in school (negative effect)

Question 78

Promoting Motor Skills – Organized Sports How do coaches affect motor skill development in sports?

Answer 78

most youth sports coaches are volunteers with little or no formal training in child development, and they cannot be expected to match the demands of the sport with a child’s readiness to participate

Question 79

Promoting Motor Skills – Organized Sports What are the recommendations to prevent sports injuries?

Answer 79

- have the child take at least 1 day off per week from a particular sport to allow the body to recover - check to be sure that the child wears appropriate and properly fitting protective equipment such as pads (neck, shoulder, elbow, chest, knee, shin), helmets, mouthpieces, face guards, protective cups, and/or eyewear - support the strengthening of muscles – conditioning exercises during practice strengthen the child’s muscles used in play - understand that stretching exercises increase a child’s flexibility – stretching exercises before and after games or practice are beneficial for increasing flexibility, and should also be assimilated into a daily fitness routine - take care that the child uses the proper technique, which should be reinforced during the playing season - check to be sure that young athletes take breaks since rest periods during practice and games can reduce injuries and prevent heat illness - ensure that children play safe by having and enforcing strict rules, ie. against headfirst sliding (baseball and softball) and spearing (football) - if a child experiences pain, that child should stop the activity - help children avoid heat injury by drinking plenty of fluids before, during, and after exercise or play – should also decrease or stop practices or competitions during high heat/humidity periods and wear light clothing

Question 80

Promoting Motor Skills – Organized Sports What is emphasized for parents to watch for?

Answer 80

sports-related emotional stress, which is related to the pressure to win - young athletes should be judged instead on effort, sportsmanship, and hard work - should be praised for trying hard and for improving their skills rather than being criticized for losing a game or competition

Question 81

Promoting Motor Skills – Free Play or Child-Organized Physical Activities Why do informal activities with parents, siblings, and friends provide numerous benefits?

Answer 81

- less competitive than organized sports - better match for motor skills of school-age children (ie. parents might plan family activities that maximize the possibility of movement

Question 82

Promoting Motor Skills – Free Play or Child-Organized Physical Activities What can reduce serious injury and possible deaths of children?

Answer 82

coordinated efforts by parents, children, and a concerned community

Question 83

Promoting Motor Skills – Free Play or Child-Organized Physical Activities What kind of structural and educational measures should be put in place with the objective of improving child safety for riding bikes?

Answer 83

- parents should ensure that their children have driveway visibility along the routes where they walk or bike (ie. point out hazards) - requirement to wear helmet - let children know that they are concerned about their safety, and outline for them the safety precautions they should take when engaging in various activities

Question 84

Promoting Motor Skills – Free Play or Child-Organized Physical Activities Where do most injuries occur?

Answer 84

inside and around the home ie. toys, structures

Question 85

Promoting Motor Skills – Free Play or Child-Organized Physical Activities What are the 3 major themes that revolves around the steps taken by parents in dangerous neighbourhoods to ensure child safety?

Answer 85

- monitoring children's whereabouts - educating their children regarding safety - improving community life

Question 86

Promoting Motor Skills – Free Play or Child-Organized Physical Activities How do mothers in high-risk communities cope with community violence?

Answer 86

- keep child physically close - provide constant supervision - teach practical household safety skills - restrict neighbourhood activity (ie. playgrounds) - tell drug dealers to take their business elsewhere

Question 87

Promoting Motor Skills – Free Play or Child-Organized Physical Activities How do fathers in high-risk communities cope with community violence?

Answer 87

- emphasize need to be vigilant in monitoring their children’s whereabouts - watch their children everywhere - don't allow children to play outside after dark - need to know where their children are at all times in case violent incidents occurred so that they could quickly get their children's out of harm's ways

Question 88

Benefits of Media What do prosocial video games promote?

Answer 88

- increases helpful behaviour | - decreases hurtful behaviour

Question 89

Challenges of Media What are some of the negative outcomes of children and media?

Answer 89

- overall health is influenced by TV advertising for foods of poor nutritional value - odds of drinking alcohol and using drugs are significantly higher for children watching 3+ hours daily of TV/video games compared to children whose daily watching is less than 2 hours - less time spent with family

Question 90

Challenges of Media How does background TV affect parent-child interactions?

Answer 90

interactions decline when television programs are playing in the background TV time also reduces the amount of time children spend in imaginative and social play

Question 91

Challenges of Media – Violence How does time spent watching violent content affect children?

Answer 91

- lower academic achievement - higher levels of aggressive behaviour - desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed

Question 92

Challenges of Media – Internet How does Internet access affect children?

Answer 92

higher levels of academic achievement result low-income children who used Internet more had higher scores on standardized tests of reading achievement and higher grade point averages than children who used it less

Question 93

Identify a number of ways in which parents promote the social-emotional development of their school-age children.

Answer 93

help achieve a sense of competence related to development of various skills – parents do this when they encourage and support their participation in sports and hobbies, and assist them in development of social skills that help them to engage in interactions with adults and peers contribute to development of self-esteem primarily through effective parent–child communication parent-child co-regulation – consists of sharing power with them

Question 94

Describe the ways in which parents influence the social relationships of their school-age children.

Answer 94

children of authoritative parents have more positive relationships with their peers than do children whose parents are authoritarian, permissive, indulgent, or uninvolved secure attachment to both parents communities they live – in communities with low incidence of crime and parents have social support, children have fewer challenges with social relationships

Question 95

Specify the role of parents in school-age children’s cognitive development and academic achievement.

Answer 95

due to the logical thinking abilities of school-age children, parents can feel freer to use more complex speech with them making the most of their children’s developing ability to decenter their attention, parents can point out to them the ways in which their behaviours affect others, thereby supporting their development of empathy support ability to classify by promoting their interests in collections of various objects and by making recommendations for categorization, ordering, and collecting capitalize on children’s ability to consider past, present, and future events by providing them with calendars and watches

Question 96

Describe the benefits and challenges of media and other technology in school- age children’s lives.

Answer 96

children with smart phones and/or digital tablets, educational apps, and apps for prosocial games are advantageous growing popularity of children’s participation in robotics teams, which acquaint children with the fields of electrical, electronic, and computer engineering primary challenge related to use of media is high levels of daily screen time – screen time that exceeds 2 hours per day has been related to overweight problems, less time in imaginative and social play, and less time spent interacting with other family members increasing problem of time children spend watching violent content on television and/or playing violent video games, both of which have been linked to negative outcomes