Chapter 7 - Other Sensory Systems Flashcards
amplitude is related to what?
the intensity of a sound
frequency is related to what?
pitch; higher frequency = higher pitch
pinna
the outer ear
tympanic membrane
eardrum; vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that strike it
place theory
idea that pitch perception depends on which part of the inner ear has cells with the greatest activity level
frequency theory
idea that the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency
area A1
the primary auditory cortex located in the superior temporal cortex
conductive deafness (middle ear deafness)
deafness caused by disease, infection, or tumors that prevent the middle ear from transmitting sound wves properly to the cochlea
nerve deafness (inner ear deafness)
deafness resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve
tinnitus
frequent or constant ringing in the ears
vestibular organ
detects and compensates for movement in the head
somatosensory system
the sensation of the body and its movements
pacinian corpuscle
detects high frequency vibrations on the skin
merkel disks
respond to light touch (such as if someone gently strokes your skin)
capsaicin
chemical that makes peppers hot. it also activates painful heat receptors
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 including 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
dermatome
area of the body that is innervated by a spinal nerve
what neurotransmitters do pain axons release?
glutamate (mild pain)
substance P and glutamate (stronger pain)
what happens if the cingulate gyrus is damaged?
people can still feel pain, but it no longer distresses them
how do opiates block pain?
they block the release of substance P
what is the best way to prevent chronic pain from a surgery?
take pain med before the surgery starts. This will decrease your body’s ability to learn pain
describe the relationship between pain and itch
pain inhibits itch and vice versa
itch axons are responsible for the production of what?
gastrin-releasing peptide
labled line principle
each receptor responds to a limited range of stimulia nd meaning depends on which neurons are active
across-fiber pattern principle
each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli, and a given response by a particular axon means little except in context of what other axons are doing
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
responds to pheramones
synesthesia
stimulation of one sense evoking a perception of that sense in addition to another sense
