Chapter 7: Oral Cavity - Stomach Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the digestive system?
A
Ingestion, Mastication, Secretion, Absorption, Elimination of waste, Motility, Hormone release, Chemical Digestion
2
Q
What structures are included in the oral cavity?
A
Tongue, teeth, minor/major salivary glands, tonsils, lips
3
Q
What mucosa lines the oral cavity?
A
Oral mucosa
4
Q
What are the three types of oral mucosa?
A
Masticatory Mucosa
Lining Mucosa
Specialized Mucosa
5
Q
Where do we find Masticatory Mucosa?
A
gingiva & hard palate
6
Q
What is the surface epithelium of the masticatory mucosa? (Def a TQ)
A
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
OR
Parakeratinized stratified squamous
7
Q
What is true about the superficial cells of the Parakeratinized stratified squamous?
A
They keep their nuclei
8
Q
What makes up the LP of the masticatory mucosa?
A
- papillary layer - thick loose CT
2. Reticular layer - more dense CT
9
Q
What is contained in the papillary layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa?
A
Blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, Meissner’s corpuscles
10
Q
Where do we find Lining Mucosa?
A
soft palate, underside of tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, lips
11
Q
What makes up the surface epithelium of the lining mucosa?
A
Generally non-keratinized stratified squamous
Occasionally parakeratinized stratified squamous
12
Q
What makes up the surface epithelium of the vermillion zone of the lips? (Def a TQ)
A
Keratinized stratified squamous
13
Q
What makes up the LP of the lining mucosa?
A
Loose ct with blood vessels and nerves
14
Q
What CT makes up the submucosa of the lining mucosa? Where is it found?
A
More dense CT
Found in most places
Can have minor salivary galnds, sebaceous glands (mouth corners), larger blood vessels and nerves
15
Q
Where do we find Specialized Mucosa?
A
Dorsal surface of the tongue
16
Q
What surface epithelium is found on the filiform papillae?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous
17
Q
What surface epithelium is found on all papillae except filiform?
A
Stratified squamous
18
Q
What are the general functions of the Specialized Mucosa?
A
Move food
Taste
19
Q
What is true about the mucosa of the tongue dorsally? Posteriorly?
A
Thicker Dorsally
Thinner and smoother posteriorly
20
Q
What papillae are included in the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the tongue?
A
Filiform, Fungiform, foliate, vallate
21
Q
Which papillae are associated with the small salivary (von ebner) glands?
A
Vallate papillae
22
Q
Taste buds are located on all papillae except…?
A
Filiform papillae
23
Q
What is the LP of the mucosa of the tongue?
A
Loose CT; adipose possible
24
Q
IC: What type of epithelium is found on filiform papillae?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous
25
IC: What type of epithelium is found on all other papillae?
Stratified squamous
26
IC: Von Ebner glands are found with ... tongue papillae?
Vallate
27
IC: Taste buds are not found on which tongue papllae?
Filiform
28
IC: What do the intrinsic tongue muscles do?
Change the shape of the tongue
29
Which glands are contained in the submucosa of the Tongue and what do they produce?
lingual salivary glands - produce some products as the major salivary glands
30
T/F: Intrinsic tongue muscles have no external attachment.
True - skeletal muscle attachment
31
What are the 4 alternating intrinsic tongue muscles?
Superior longitudinal
Vertical muscles alternating with transverse muscles
Inferior longitudinal
32
IC: Which cells produce dentin?
Odontoblasts
33
IC: Which cells produce enamel?
Ameloblasts
34
IC: Which cell type will persist in adults?
Odontoblasts
35
IC: Name the area of CT beneath the odontoblasts?
Dental papilla (or dental pulp)
36
IC: Which cell type will maintain dentin?
Odontoblasts
37
IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily serous producing?
Submandibular
38
IC: Which salivary gland is 100% serious producing?
Parotid
39
IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily mucus producing?
Sublingual
40
Why is the parotid gland never invited to parties?
Because it is too serous. :[
41
IC: Name the glands in the submucosa.
Esophageal (proper) glands
42
IC: Where are esophageal cardiac glands found?
upper 1 inch & lower 1 inch of LP
43
IC: What is unique concerning the ME of the esophagus?
Upper 1/3 = all skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 = mixture of skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 = all smooth muscle
44
IC: Which major luminal wall layer will typically possess larger blood vessels & more fibrous CT?
Submucosa
45
IC: Which sublayer of the mucosa will typically possess smaller blood vessels & looser CT?
Lamina Propria
46
IC: What does it mean if the ME has "normal pattern"?
Inner circular & outer longitudinal ms. layers
47
IC: Which type of covering does an organ possess if it can be described as an edge of serous producing simple squamous epithelium?
Serosa
48
IC: Which salivary gland lacks separate serous acini?
Sublingual
49
IC: Which salivary gland is the largest?
Parotid
50
IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily serous producing?
Submandibular
51
IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily mucus producing?
Sublingual
52
IC: Which salivary gland is 100% serous producing?
Parotid
53
IC: Which salivary gland(s) have serous demilunes?
Sublingual & Submandibular
54
IC: Name the surface epithelium of the stomach.
Simple columnar
55
IC: Name the layer covering the stomach (opposite the lumen).
All serosa
56
What are the 6 layers of the tooth from outside to inside?
1. Ameloblasts
2. Enamel
3. Dentin
4. Pre-dentin
5. Odontoblast
6. Dental Papilla/Dental Pulp
57
What is the function of ameloblasts?
Produce enamel
58
What type of cells are ameloblasts?
Polarized columnar cells
59
Which layer of the tooth do we loose following tooth eruption?
Ameloblasts
60
What is the hardest substance in the body?
Enamel
61
T/F: We can make more enamel after tooth eruption.
False
62
What is enamel made out of?
Interlinked enamel rods
63
What layer of the tooth is harder than bone?
Dentin
64
Which layer of the tooth contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves & cell processes from odontoblasts?
Dentin
65
What is the difference between pre-dentin and dentin?
Pre-dentin is dentin before mineralization
66
Which cell layer of the tooth survives in adults?
Odontoblasts
67
What is the function of odontoblasts?
Repair and produce dentin; maintain dentin
68
What type of cells are odontoblasts? What do they line?
Columnar cells
| Line pulp cavity
69
What comprises the dental papilla? What potential problem can occur here?
CT with blood vessels and nerves
Problem: extensive inflammation
70
What is the largest salivary gland? How much salivary output is it responsible for?
Parotid gland - 30% salivary output
71
Which gland is most affected by mumps?
Parotid gland - facial nerve passes right through
72
What are the three products of the parotid gland?
1. Salivary Amylase (breaks down carbs)
2. Lysozyme
3. Sec. IgA
73
Which gland produces 60% of salivary output?
Submandibular gland
74
Which gland is 100% serous producing?
Parotid
75
Which gland is mixed with 80-90% serous producing?
Submandibular
76
What two glands have serous demilunes?
Submandibular
| Sublingual
77
What is the smallest salivary gland with the least amount of salivary output?
Sublingual
78
Which gland is mixed but produces predominantly mucus?
Sublingual
79
What are the 6 major functions of saliva?
1. Lubricates & cleanses oral cavity
2. Antibacterial
3. Initiates digestion via salivary lipase/amylase
4. Dissolves food for taste sensation
5. Aids swallowing & helps form bolus
6. Wound healing due to clotting factors & growth factor
80
How do parasympathetic impulses affect saliva secretion?
Increases salivary secretion
81
How do sympathetic impulses affect saliva secretion?
Decreased saliva with thicker consistency (dry mouth)
82
What three parts make up the mucosa of salivary glands?
1. Surface epithelium
2. LP (loose ct)
3. MM (smooth muscle)
83
What is the function of the Meissner (submucosal) plexus?
Influences the mucosa (dumb answer but it's what her notes say)
84
Where would we find the Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus?
Muscularis Externa
85
What makes up the luminal wall layer of the serosa and adventitia of the salivary glands?
Serosa = serous producing simple squamous epithelium (can include some ct)
Adventitia - CT
86
What is the function of the esophagus?
Transfers bolus to the stomach via oropharynx
87
What makes up the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus?
Stratified squamous
88
What special cells are contained in the mucosa of the esophagus?
Langerhans cells - an APC with some phagocytosis possible
89
What makes up the LP of the esophagus?
loose areolar ct
90
What special glands can be found in the LP of the esophagus? What is their function?
Esophageal cardiac glands
Produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium
91
In what two locations can we find the esophageal cardiac glands?
1. Near 1st inch of pharynx
| 2. Near the last inch of the stomach
92
How can we describe the MM of the esophagus?
discontinuous layer of longitudinal smooth muscle
93
What makes up the submucosa of the esophagus?
dense fibroelastic ct
94
What glands are contained in the submucosa of the esophagus?
Esophageal Glands (Proper) - scattered along length
95
What's the function of Esophageal Glands (Proper)?
Produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food
96
Describe the structure of the ME in the esophagus?
Upper 1/3: skeletal only
Middle 1/3: mixed skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower 1/3: smooth muscle only
97
What is the ratio of adventitia to serosa in the esophagus?
Primarily adventitia
| Serosa is last 1-2 inches (after diaphragm)
98
What are the two physiological sphincters of the esophagus? Where are they located?
1. Pharyngoesophageal - between oropharynx & esophagus
| 2. Gastroesophageal (lower sphincter) - between esophagus and stomach; prone to problems
99
What 4 complimentary forces are controlled by the lower esophageal sphincter?
1. Peristalsis
2. Diaphragm contraction
3. Maintenance of anatomical arrangements of structures
4. Greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric exerted
100
What are the characteristics for the physiological sphincters?
1. No thickening of circular muscle of ME
| 2. Pressure gradient aids movement
101
What causes gastroesophageal (esophageal) reflux?
Stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus
102
What are the 5 contributing factors to Gastroesophageal reflux?
1. Pregnancy
2. Hiatal Hernia
3. Chronic gastritis
4. Subluxations
5. Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
103
What are some problem foods for gastroesophageal reflux?
1. Spices
2. Alcohol
3. Fatty foods
4. Acidic foods/acidic beverages
104
What is Barrett's Esophagus (what cell type is replaced)?
Stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower (proximal) esophagus. This is metaplasia due to a chronic problem.
105
What are the 3 functions of the stomach?
1. Storage (PRIMARY FXN)
2. Digestion of carbs
3. Some nutrient break down (primarily chemical)
106
What is the narrow region of the stomach near the gastroesophageal sphincter?
Cardia
107
What is the domed region of the stomach that's often filled with gas?
Fundus
108
What's the largest portion of the stomach?
Body (corpus)
109
What is the constricted portion of the stomach near the pyloric sphincter?
Pylorus
110
What are the longitudinal folds in the stomach that allow for distention?
Rugae
111
What are tiny depressions in the stomach's surface?
Gastric pits
112
What surface epithelium makes up the surface of the mucosa of the stomach?
Simple columnar
113
What are the two types of cells found in the surface epithelium of the stomach?
1. Surface mucus cells
| 2. Regenerative cells
114
Where are regenerative cells of the stomach found?
Bases of pits
115
What are the functions of surface mucus cells?
1. Produce thick, visible mucus
| 2. Secrete bicarbonate ions
116
What makes up the LP of the stomach?
Loose, vascular CT present in small amounts between glands
117
How do we describe the MM of the stomach?
Thin smooth muscle (arranged into 3 layers)
Note: She said she wouldn't test on the specific layers but in case you care:
(1) inner circular
(2) outer longitudinal
(3) outermost circular/oblique
118
How do we describe the submucosa of the stomach in terms of vascularity?
Highly vascular
119
What important structure is located in the submucosa of the stomach?
The AVA = arteriovenous anastomosis
120
What is the function of the AVA?
Quickly shuts down activity and secretion
121
What layer of the stomach is Meissner's Plexus next to?
Inner Circular Layer
122
What is the function of the submucosal plexus?
Influences the mucosa via secretion, blood flow, muscle contractions
123
How do we describe the layers of the ME of the stomach?
3 smooth muscle layers are possible:
1. innermost oblique (sometimes)
2. middle circular (well developed)
3. outer longitudinal (thin)
ONLY ORGAN WITH THIS MUSCLE PATTERN
Especially found between cardia and greater curvature
124
Where do we find the myenteric plexus?
Between the circular and longitudinal layers of the stomach
125
What is the function of Auerbach's plexus?
To stimulate the ME
126
How do we describe the adventitia/serosa of the stomach?
All serosa
127
IC: How can chronic gastritis lead to pernicious anemia?
Low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of intrinsic factor, which will decrease vitamin B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation
128
What are the 3 regions of the stomach?
1. Cardiac
2. Gastric (fundus/body)
3. Pyloric
129
Which cells are not present in the cardiac region of the stomach?
Chief cells
130
What is the smallest region of the stomach?
Cardiac
131
Where are the gastric glands located?
From the gastric pit to MM (of gastric region)
132
What's another name for the gastric gland?
Zymogenic Gland
133
What are the 3 regions of the gastric gland?
Isthmus
Neck
Base
134
How do we describe the mucus produced on the surface of the isthmus?
Thick, visible mucus
135
What is the function of the surface mucous?
Protect mucosa from auto-digestion & rougher components of chyme
136
What's another name for DNES cells?
enteroendocrine cells
137
One type of DNES cell produces somatostatin. How does that effect the stomach?
Inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES cells & HCL release
138
One type of DNES cell produces serotonin and substance P. How does that effect the stomach?
Increases gut motility
139
One type of DNES cell produces gastrin. How does that effect the stomach? (Definite TQ)
Stimulates HCL & pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells in body of stomach
140
What is the function of neck mucous cells?
Produce a soluble, less alkaline mucus
Lubricate gastric contents
141
Where do we find Parietal cells? What kind of cell are they?
Found in the neck of the stomach
Odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi
142
What is produced by parietal cells?
HCL
Intrinsic Factor - necessary for B12 absorption
143
What is another name for parietal cells?
Oxyntic
144
What 2 additional cell types are found in the neck of the stomach?
DNES cells
Regenerative cells (replace all cell types)
145
What 3 cell types are found in the base of the stomach?
1. Chief
2. Parietal
3. DNES
146
What's an alternate name for chief cells?
Zymogenic
147
What do chief cells produce?
Pepsinogen (primary secretion; breaks down proteins)
Gastric lipase (breaks down fats)
148
What region of the stomach has deep pits with shorter glands?
Pyloric region
149
What is the pyloric sphincter?
Sphincter between the pyloric region and duodenum
150
What are the 2 characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?
Well-developed inner circular layer in ME
Inner circular layer of ME can be independently controlled
151
What are the two general causes of peptic ulcer disease?
Insufficient protection from HCL & Pepsin (damaged mucus coat)
Too much HCL and Pepsin (Helicobacter pylori)
152
T/F: If luminal activity is increased, damaged tissues can repair in 1-2 months.
False - activity must be decreased for repair to occur
153
Name 5 factors that delay healing of peptic ulcer disease?
1. Alcohol
2. Cigarettes
3. Caffeine
4. Calcium
5. Aspirin
154
T/F: Ulcers can be caused by spicy foods and stress.
False - they can be aggravated by those things, but won't actually cause them to happen.
155
What is the primary cell type found in the neck of the gastric gland?
Parietal cells
