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Organ Histology Final > Chapter 7: Oral Cavity - Stomach > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Oral Cavity - Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, Mastication, Secretion, Absorption, Elimination of waste, Motility, Hormone release, Chemical Digestion

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2
Q

What structures are included in the oral cavity?

A

Tongue, teeth, minor/major salivary glands, tonsils, lips

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3
Q

What mucosa lines the oral cavity?

A

Oral mucosa

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4
Q

What are the three types of oral mucosa?

A

Masticatory Mucosa

Lining Mucosa

Specialized Mucosa

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5
Q

Where do we find Masticatory Mucosa?

A

gingiva & hard palate

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6
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the masticatory mucosa? (Def a TQ)

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
OR
Parakeratinized stratified squamous

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7
Q

What is true about the superficial cells of the Parakeratinized stratified squamous?

A

They keep their nuclei

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8
Q

What makes up the LP of the masticatory mucosa?

A
  1. papillary layer - thick loose CT

2. Reticular layer - more dense CT

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9
Q

What is contained in the papillary layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, Meissner’s corpuscles

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10
Q

Where do we find Lining Mucosa?

A

soft palate, underside of tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, lips

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11
Q

What makes up the surface epithelium of the lining mucosa?

A

Generally non-keratinized stratified squamous

Occasionally parakeratinized stratified squamous

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12
Q

What makes up the surface epithelium of the vermillion zone of the lips? (Def a TQ)

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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13
Q

What makes up the LP of the lining mucosa?

A

Loose ct with blood vessels and nerves

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14
Q

What CT makes up the submucosa of the lining mucosa? Where is it found?

A

More dense CT

Found in most places

Can have minor salivary galnds, sebaceous glands (mouth corners), larger blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

Where do we find Specialized Mucosa?

A

Dorsal surface of the tongue

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16
Q

What surface epithelium is found on the filiform papillae?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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17
Q

What surface epithelium is found on all papillae except filiform?

A

Stratified squamous

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18
Q

What are the general functions of the Specialized Mucosa?

A

Move food

Taste

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19
Q

What is true about the mucosa of the tongue dorsally? Posteriorly?

A

Thicker Dorsally

Thinner and smoother posteriorly

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20
Q

What papillae are included in the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the tongue?

A

Filiform, Fungiform, foliate, vallate

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21
Q

Which papillae are associated with the small salivary (von ebner) glands?

A

Vallate papillae

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22
Q

Taste buds are located on all papillae except…?

A

Filiform papillae

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23
Q

What is the LP of the mucosa of the tongue?

A

Loose CT; adipose possible

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24
Q

IC: What type of epithelium is found on filiform papillae?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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25
Q

IC: What type of epithelium is found on all other papillae?

A

Stratified squamous

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26
Q

IC: Von Ebner glands are found with … tongue papillae?

A

Vallate

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27
Q

IC: Taste buds are not found on which tongue papllae?

A

Filiform

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28
Q

IC: What do the intrinsic tongue muscles do?

A

Change the shape of the tongue

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29
Q

Which glands are contained in the submucosa of the Tongue and what do they produce?

A

lingual salivary glands - produce some products as the major salivary glands

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30
Q

T/F: Intrinsic tongue muscles have no external attachment.

A

True - skeletal muscle attachment

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31
Q

What are the 4 alternating intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Superior longitudinal
Vertical muscles alternating with transverse muscles
Inferior longitudinal

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32
Q

IC: Which cells produce dentin?

A

Odontoblasts

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33
Q

IC: Which cells produce enamel?

A

Ameloblasts

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34
Q

IC: Which cell type will persist in adults?

A

Odontoblasts

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35
Q

IC: Name the area of CT beneath the odontoblasts?

A

Dental papilla (or dental pulp)

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36
Q

IC: Which cell type will maintain dentin?

A

Odontoblasts

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37
Q

IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily serous producing?

A

Submandibular

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38
Q

IC: Which salivary gland is 100% serious producing?

A

Parotid

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39
Q

IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily mucus producing?

A

Sublingual

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40
Q

Why is the parotid gland never invited to parties?

A

Because it is too serous. :[

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41
Q

IC: Name the glands in the submucosa.

A

Esophageal (proper) glands

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42
Q

IC: Where are esophageal cardiac glands found?

A

upper 1 inch & lower 1 inch of LP

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43
Q

IC: What is unique concerning the ME of the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 = all skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 = mixture of skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 = all smooth muscle

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44
Q

IC: Which major luminal wall layer will typically possess larger blood vessels & more fibrous CT?

A

Submucosa

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45
Q

IC: Which sublayer of the mucosa will typically possess smaller blood vessels & looser CT?

A

Lamina Propria

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46
Q

IC: What does it mean if the ME has “normal pattern”?

A

Inner circular & outer longitudinal ms. layers

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47
Q

IC: Which type of covering does an organ possess if it can be described as an edge of serous producing simple squamous epithelium?

A

Serosa

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48
Q

IC: Which salivary gland lacks separate serous acini?

A

Sublingual

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49
Q

IC: Which salivary gland is the largest?

A

Parotid

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50
Q

IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily serous producing?

A

Submandibular

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51
Q

IC: Which salivary gland produces a mixed product but is primarily mucus producing?

A

Sublingual

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52
Q

IC: Which salivary gland is 100% serous producing?

A

Parotid

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53
Q

IC: Which salivary gland(s) have serous demilunes?

A

Sublingual & Submandibular

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54
Q

IC: Name the surface epithelium of the stomach.

A

Simple columnar

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55
Q

IC: Name the layer covering the stomach (opposite the lumen).

A

All serosa

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56
Q

What are the 6 layers of the tooth from outside to inside?

A
  1. Ameloblasts
  2. Enamel
  3. Dentin
  4. Pre-dentin
  5. Odontoblast
  6. Dental Papilla/Dental Pulp
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57
Q

What is the function of ameloblasts?

A

Produce enamel

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58
Q

What type of cells are ameloblasts?

A

Polarized columnar cells

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59
Q

Which layer of the tooth do we loose following tooth eruption?

A

Ameloblasts

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60
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

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61
Q

T/F: We can make more enamel after tooth eruption.

A

False

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62
Q

What is enamel made out of?

A

Interlinked enamel rods

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63
Q

What layer of the tooth is harder than bone?

64
Q

Which layer of the tooth contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves & cell processes from odontoblasts?

65
Q

What is the difference between pre-dentin and dentin?

A

Pre-dentin is dentin before mineralization

66
Q

Which cell layer of the tooth survives in adults?

A

Odontoblasts

67
Q

What is the function of odontoblasts?

A

Repair and produce dentin; maintain dentin

68
Q

What type of cells are odontoblasts? What do they line?

A

Columnar cells

Line pulp cavity

69
Q

What comprises the dental papilla? What potential problem can occur here?

A

CT with blood vessels and nerves

Problem: extensive inflammation

70
Q

What is the largest salivary gland? How much salivary output is it responsible for?

A

Parotid gland - 30% salivary output

71
Q

Which gland is most affected by mumps?

A

Parotid gland - facial nerve passes right through

72
Q

What are the three products of the parotid gland?

A
  1. Salivary Amylase (breaks down carbs)
  2. Lysozyme
  3. Sec. IgA
73
Q

Which gland produces 60% of salivary output?

A

Submandibular gland

74
Q

Which gland is 100% serous producing?

75
Q

Which gland is mixed with 80-90% serous producing?

A

Submandibular

76
Q

What two glands have serous demilunes?

A

Submandibular

Sublingual

77
Q

What is the smallest salivary gland with the least amount of salivary output?

A

Sublingual

78
Q

Which gland is mixed but produces predominantly mucus?

A

Sublingual

79
Q

What are the 6 major functions of saliva?

A
  1. Lubricates & cleanses oral cavity
  2. Antibacterial
  3. Initiates digestion via salivary lipase/amylase
  4. Dissolves food for taste sensation
  5. Aids swallowing & helps form bolus
  6. Wound healing due to clotting factors & growth factor
80
Q

How do parasympathetic impulses affect saliva secretion?

A

Increases salivary secretion

81
Q

How do sympathetic impulses affect saliva secretion?

A

Decreased saliva with thicker consistency (dry mouth)

82
Q

What three parts make up the mucosa of salivary glands?

A
  1. Surface epithelium
  2. LP (loose ct)
  3. MM (smooth muscle)
83
Q

What is the function of the Meissner (submucosal) plexus?

A

Influences the mucosa (dumb answer but it’s what her notes say)

84
Q

Where would we find the Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus?

A

Muscularis Externa

85
Q

What makes up the luminal wall layer of the serosa and adventitia of the salivary glands?

A

Serosa = serous producing simple squamous epithelium (can include some ct)

Adventitia - CT

86
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

Transfers bolus to the stomach via oropharynx

87
Q

What makes up the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

88
Q

What special cells are contained in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Langerhans cells - an APC with some phagocytosis possible

89
Q

What makes up the LP of the esophagus?

A

loose areolar ct

90
Q

What special glands can be found in the LP of the esophagus? What is their function?

A

Esophageal cardiac glands

Produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium

91
Q

In what two locations can we find the esophageal cardiac glands?

A
  1. Near 1st inch of pharynx

2. Near the last inch of the stomach

92
Q

How can we describe the MM of the esophagus?

A

discontinuous layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

93
Q

What makes up the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

dense fibroelastic ct

94
Q

What glands are contained in the submucosa of the esophagus?

A

Esophageal Glands (Proper) - scattered along length

95
Q

What’s the function of Esophageal Glands (Proper)?

A

Produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food

96
Q

Describe the structure of the ME in the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3: skeletal only
Middle 1/3: mixed skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower 1/3: smooth muscle only

97
Q

What is the ratio of adventitia to serosa in the esophagus?

A

Primarily adventitia

Serosa is last 1-2 inches (after diaphragm)

98
Q

What are the two physiological sphincters of the esophagus? Where are they located?

A
  1. Pharyngoesophageal - between oropharynx & esophagus

2. Gastroesophageal (lower sphincter) - between esophagus and stomach; prone to problems

99
Q

What 4 complimentary forces are controlled by the lower esophageal sphincter?

A
  1. Peristalsis
  2. Diaphragm contraction
  3. Maintenance of anatomical arrangements of structures
  4. Greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric exerted
100
Q

What are the characteristics for the physiological sphincters?

A
  1. No thickening of circular muscle of ME

2. Pressure gradient aids movement

101
Q

What causes gastroesophageal (esophageal) reflux?

A

Stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus

102
Q

What are the 5 contributing factors to Gastroesophageal reflux?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Hiatal Hernia
  3. Chronic gastritis
  4. Subluxations
  5. Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
103
Q

What are some problem foods for gastroesophageal reflux?

A
  1. Spices
  2. Alcohol
  3. Fatty foods
  4. Acidic foods/acidic beverages
104
Q

What is Barrett’s Esophagus (what cell type is replaced)?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium in lower (proximal) esophagus. This is metaplasia due to a chronic problem.

105
Q

What are the 3 functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Storage (PRIMARY FXN)
  2. Digestion of carbs
  3. Some nutrient break down (primarily chemical)
106
Q

What is the narrow region of the stomach near the gastroesophageal sphincter?

107
Q

What is the domed region of the stomach that’s often filled with gas?

108
Q

What’s the largest portion of the stomach?

A

Body (corpus)

109
Q

What is the constricted portion of the stomach near the pyloric sphincter?

110
Q

What are the longitudinal folds in the stomach that allow for distention?

111
Q

What are tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface?

A

Gastric pits

112
Q

What surface epithelium makes up the surface of the mucosa of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

113
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the surface epithelium of the stomach?

A
  1. Surface mucus cells

2. Regenerative cells

114
Q

Where are regenerative cells of the stomach found?

A

Bases of pits

115
Q

What are the functions of surface mucus cells?

A
  1. Produce thick, visible mucus

2. Secrete bicarbonate ions

116
Q

What makes up the LP of the stomach?

A

Loose, vascular CT present in small amounts between glands

117
Q

How do we describe the MM of the stomach?

A

Thin smooth muscle (arranged into 3 layers)

Note: She said she wouldn’t test on the specific layers but in case you care:

(1) inner circular
(2) outer longitudinal
(3) outermost circular/oblique

118
Q

How do we describe the submucosa of the stomach in terms of vascularity?

A

Highly vascular

119
Q

What important structure is located in the submucosa of the stomach?

A

The AVA = arteriovenous anastomosis

120
Q

What is the function of the AVA?

A

Quickly shuts down activity and secretion

121
Q

What layer of the stomach is Meissner’s Plexus next to?

A

Inner Circular Layer

122
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus?

A

Influences the mucosa via secretion, blood flow, muscle contractions

123
Q

How do we describe the layers of the ME of the stomach?

A

3 smooth muscle layers are possible:

  1. innermost oblique (sometimes)
  2. middle circular (well developed)
  3. outer longitudinal (thin)

ONLY ORGAN WITH THIS MUSCLE PATTERN

Especially found between cardia and greater curvature

124
Q

Where do we find the myenteric plexus?

A

Between the circular and longitudinal layers of the stomach

125
Q

What is the function of Auerbach’s plexus?

A

To stimulate the ME

126
Q

How do we describe the adventitia/serosa of the stomach?

A

All serosa

127
Q

IC: How can chronic gastritis lead to pernicious anemia?

A

Low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of intrinsic factor, which will decrease vitamin B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation

128
Q

What are the 3 regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Gastric (fundus/body)
  3. Pyloric
129
Q

Which cells are not present in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

Chief cells

130
Q

What is the smallest region of the stomach?

131
Q

Where are the gastric glands located?

A

From the gastric pit to MM (of gastric region)

132
Q

What’s another name for the gastric gland?

A

Zymogenic Gland

133
Q

What are the 3 regions of the gastric gland?

A

Isthmus
Neck
Base

134
Q

How do we describe the mucus produced on the surface of the isthmus?

A

Thick, visible mucus

135
Q

What is the function of the surface mucous?

A

Protect mucosa from auto-digestion & rougher components of chyme

136
Q

What’s another name for DNES cells?

A

enteroendocrine cells

137
Q

One type of DNES cell produces somatostatin. How does that effect the stomach?

A

Inhibits release of hormones by nearby DNES cells & HCL release

138
Q

One type of DNES cell produces serotonin and substance P. How does that effect the stomach?

A

Increases gut motility

139
Q

One type of DNES cell produces gastrin. How does that effect the stomach? (Definite TQ)

A

Stimulates HCL & pepsinogen secretion, gastric motility, and regenerative cells in body of stomach

140
Q

What is the function of neck mucous cells?

A

Produce a soluble, less alkaline mucus

Lubricate gastric contents

141
Q

Where do we find Parietal cells? What kind of cell are they?

A

Found in the neck of the stomach

Odd columnar cells with intracellular canaliculi

142
Q

What is produced by parietal cells?

A

HCL

Intrinsic Factor - necessary for B12 absorption

143
Q

What is another name for parietal cells?

144
Q

What 2 additional cell types are found in the neck of the stomach?

A

DNES cells

Regenerative cells (replace all cell types)

145
Q

What 3 cell types are found in the base of the stomach?

A
  1. Chief
  2. Parietal
  3. DNES
146
Q

What’s an alternate name for chief cells?

147
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen (primary secretion; breaks down proteins)

Gastric lipase (breaks down fats)

148
Q

What region of the stomach has deep pits with shorter glands?

A

Pyloric region

149
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Sphincter between the pyloric region and duodenum

150
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?

A

Well-developed inner circular layer in ME

Inner circular layer of ME can be independently controlled

151
Q

What are the two general causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A

Insufficient protection from HCL & Pepsin (damaged mucus coat)

Too much HCL and Pepsin (Helicobacter pylori)

152
Q

T/F: If luminal activity is increased, damaged tissues can repair in 1-2 months.

A

False - activity must be decreased for repair to occur

153
Q

Name 5 factors that delay healing of peptic ulcer disease?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Cigarettes
  3. Caffeine
  4. Calcium
  5. Aspirin
154
Q

T/F: Ulcers can be caused by spicy foods and stress.

A

False - they can be aggravated by those things, but won’t actually cause them to happen.

155
Q

What is the primary cell type found in the neck of the gastric gland?

A

Parietal cells

Organ Histology Final (4 decks)

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