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Organ Histology Final > Chapter 6: Alveolar Ducts - Clinical Aspects > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Alveolar Ducts - Clinical Aspects Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of alveolar ducts?

A

Gas exchange

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2
Q

What are the general functions of alveolar sacs?

A

Gas exchange

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3
Q

What are the general functions of alveoli?

A

Gas Exchange (lol)

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4
Q

What is the epithelium of Alveolar Cell Type I (Type I Pneumocyte)? General function?

A

Squamous with zonula occludens between cells

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5
Q

What alveolar cell type makes up the majority of the alveolar surface?

A

Type I

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6
Q

What is the epithelium of Alveolar Cell Type II (Type II Pneumocyte)? Where is type II found?

A

Cuboidal cells

Found on sides between alveoli

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7
Q

What are the 3 general functions of Type II Pneumocytes?

A
  1. Produce pulmonary surfactant
  2. Produce lysozymes
  3. Stem cell for Alveolar Type I/II
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8
Q

What is a dust cell?

A

An alveolar macrophage that develops from monocytes

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9
Q

What are the general functions of a dust cell?

A

Clean septal wall using phagocytosis

Produce lysozyme

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10
Q

What do you call the region between two alveoli?

A

Interalveolar Septum

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11
Q

What parts can we find in the interalveolar septum?

A 
Alveolar type I & II cells
Continuous capillaries
Fibroblasts
Basal Lamina
Small amounts of CT with many elastic fibers
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12
Q

What is the blood-gas barrier?

A

Region where O2/CO2 pass between the air and the blood

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13
Q

What are the 4 parts of the blood-gas barrier in order from air to blood? (note: she will ask the exact order so know that shit)

A
  1. Pulmonary surfactant (begins with alveoli)
  2. Alveolar type I cell
  3. Fused basal lamina: shared between alveolar type I cell & endothelial cell of capillary
  4. Endothelial cell of capillary
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14
Q

What is the function of the blood-gas barrier?

A

Provides the most efficient gas exchange (it is important to keep the distance small)

It is the minimum diffusion distance/barrier that allows for the most efficient gas exchange

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15
Q

Which ganglion provides fibers to relax bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglion - results in bronchidilation.

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16
Q

Which fibers constrict pulmonary blood vessels by stimulating the smooth muscle in the tunica media?

A

Sympathetic

17
Q

The vagus nerve provides what type of fibers that lead to bronchconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic (constricts bronchial smooth muscle)

Don’t get this confused with pulmonary blood vessels!

18
Q

In chronic exposure to irritants, what causes in increase in mucus and fluid?

A

Increase in seromucous glands and goblet cells

19
Q

What causes congestion in chronic exposure to irritants?

A

Decrease in ciliated columnar cells

20
Q

What replaces respiratory epithelium due to excessive coughing?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

21
Q

What is another name for Respiratory Distress of Newborns (RDS)?

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease

22
Q

What is the cause of RDS?

A

Too few mature alveolar type II cells

23
Q

What are the two treatments for hyaline membrane disease?

A
  1. Artificial surfactant and CPAP (only a few treatments needed)
  2. Glucocorticoids given before birth
24
Q

How does emphysema effect alveolar elasticity?

A

Decrease in elastin so decrease in elasticity. There’s also a reduced surface for gas exchange.

25
Q

T/F: Emphysema is reversible.

A

False

26
Q

What are the two common causes of emphysema?

A
  1. Inflammation due to smoking or infection - attracts macrophages & neutrophils which secrete elastase
  2. Genetics - usually HOMOzygous dominant. Hepatocytes produce alpha 1-AT but can’t release it.
27
Q

Which type of lung cancer is often seen in non-smokers? Where does this cancer develop?

A

Adenocarcinoma

Develops from epithelium in alveoli and bronchioles

28
Q

Which type of lung cancer is the least common but highly malignant? What types of cells does it develop from?

A

Small cell carcinoma

Develops from small granule DNES cells in bronchi

29
Q

Which type of lung cancer has a strong link to smoking? Where does this cancer develop?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Epithelium in Segmental bronchi

30
Q

What is the name of a protein that protects elastic fibers?

A

Alpha 1-AT (antitrypsin)

31
Q

What cell produces Alpha 1-AT?

A

Hepatocytes

32
Q

What irritant inactivates alpha 1-AT?

A

Free radicals in cigarette smoke

33
Q

IC: Which cell type is not fully functional in adequate numbers in pre-mature infants born with RDS?

A

Alveolar Type II

34
Q

IC: Alpha-1AT is produced by ____ and protects ____ fibers in the lungs.

A

Hepatocytes

Elastic

Organ Histology Final (4 decks)

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