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Biology > Chapter 7 Objectives > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Objectives Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up the prokaryotic cell structure?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Chromosome nucleoid
    3.Plasmids (Small DNA molecules)
  3. Ribosomes (RNA molecules & proteins)
  4. Flagella (tail!)
  5. Cytoskeleton - long fibrous structure
    cell wall (glyco-lipids)
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2
Q

What are key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic are 10x larger than prokayotic cells

Eukaryotic have compartmentalization with membrane bound organelles like the nucleous, ER, and mitochondria.

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3
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

It is the “center” of the prokaryotic cell that hold 1 single chromosome made up of 1 large DNA molecule and small number of proteins. It is highly compact, supercoiled helix - but has no membrane that eukaryotic cells have around their nucleus.

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4
Q

What is cyotplasm? cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus, bounded by the plasma membrane.
They cytosol is the fluid portion of they cytoplasm.

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

Components: Complex of RNA and proteins
Function: Protein synthesis
*no membrane

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6
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Components: Phospholipid bilayer with transport and receptor proteins

function: selective permeability, maintains intracellular environment
* single membrane

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Components: Chromosomes, Nucleolus, Nuclear lamina
Function: Genetic information, assembly of ribosome subunits, structural support
*Double membrane (nuclear envelope with nuclear pores)

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

Components: ribosomal subunits
Function: RNA molecules that make up ribosomes are manufactured & assembled
*inside the nucleus - no membrane of its own

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9
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

An opening in the nuclear envelope that connects the inside of the nucleus with the cytoplasm and through which molecules such as mRNA and some proteins can pass

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10
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

a lattice like sheet of fibrous nuclear lamins, which are one type of intermediate filaments. Lines the inner membrane of the nuclear envelop, stiffening the envelope and helping organize the chromosomes

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11
Q

endomembrane system

A

A system of organelles in eukaryotic cells that performs most protein and lipid synthesis. Includes the ER, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

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12
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Components: Branching sac network with attached ribosomes
Function: Protein synthesis and processing
*Single membrane with receptors for entry of selected proteins

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Components: stack of flattened cisternae
Function: Protein processing & packaging
*Single membrane and contains receptors for products of the RER

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14
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Components: Network of branching sacs and Enzymes for synthesizing lipids
Function: LIPID synthesis
*Single membrane with enzymes for synthesizing phospholipids

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

Components: Acid hydrolases (catalyze hydrolosis reactions)
Function: digestion and recycling
*single membrane with proton pumps

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16
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Components: Enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions and Catalase (processes peroxide)
Function: Oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds
*single membrane

17
Q

Vacuoles

A

Components: varies - pigments, oils, carbs, water, or toxins

function: varies - coloration, storage of any above
* Single membrane & transporters for selected molecules

18
Q

Mitochondria

A

Components: Enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, ATP synthesis
Function: ATP production & respiration
*DOUBLE membrane!; inner membrane contains ATP enzymes

19
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Components: pigments & enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
Function: Production of ATP and sugars via photosynthesis
*DOUBLE membrane and membrane-bound sacs in interior!!!

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Components: Actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
Function: Structure; movement of materials;sometimes movement of whole cell in some species
*NO membrane

21
Q

Cell wall

A

Components: Carbohydrate fibers running through carb or protein matrix
Function: protection and support
*no membrane

22
Q

glycosylation

A

the addition of a carbohydrate group to a molecule

23
Q

glycoprotein

A

any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrate

24
Q

proteoglycan

A

?

25
Q

phagocytosis

A

uptake by a cell of small particles or cells by pinching off the plasma membrane to form small membrane-bound vesicles; one type of endocytosis

26
Q

protease

A

an enzyme that can degrade proteins by cleaving to the peptide bonds between amino acid residue

27
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

central compartment of a mitochondrion, which is lined by the inner membrane; contains enzymes and substrates of the citric acid cycle and mitochondrial DNA

28
Q

microtubules

A

structure: hollow tube
subunits:alpha and beta tubulin dimers
functions: maintain cell shape by resisting compression
moves cells via flagella or cilia
move chromosomes during cell division
assist formation of cell plate during plant cell division
move organelles
provide tracks for intracellular transport

29
Q

microfilaments/actin filaments

A

subunits: cytoskeletal element with the smallest diameter
fibrous structures made of globular protein actin

structure: asymmetrical subunit with distinct polarity that grows and shrinks as actin subunits are added or subtracted to each end of the structure. Tend to grow at the plus end because polymerization happens faster there.
double helix strands

function: movement!
maintain cell shape by resisting tension
move cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling
divide animal cells in two
move organelles and cytoplasm in plants, fungi, and animals

30
Q

intermediate filaments

A

structure: fiber wound into thick cables
subunits: keratin or vimetin or lamin or other proteins
function: maintain cell shape by resisting tension
anchor nucleus and some other organelles

31
Q

motor proteins

A

TBD

32
Q

flagella

A

TBD

33
Q

cillia

A

TBD

34
Q

cristae

A

TBD

35
Q

centrosomes

A

TBD

36
Q

centrioles

A

TBD

37
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

TBD

38
Q

thylakoids

A

TBD

39
Q

extracellular matrix (ecm)

A

TBD

Biology (13 decks)

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