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Microbiology > Chapter 7: Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structure of Nucleic Acids

A

T:A
G:C
A:T

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2
Q

Structure of Prokaryotic Genome

A

2 Structures: chromosomes

Plasmids

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3
Q

Prokaryotic Chromosmes

A

Main part of DNA
Assoc proteins RNA
Packaged in 1-2 distinct chromosomes
Have single copy of each chrom: haploid

Circular molecule of DNA in nucleoid

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4
Q

Plasmids

A 
Small molecules DNA
Replicate independently 
Carry info for own replication 
Not essential for bac. metabolism/growth/repro
Confer survival b.advantages 
Fertility,Resistance,Bacteriocin: factor
Virulence,Cryptic: plasmids
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5
Q

Eukaryotic Genome

A 
Nuclear DNA
Extra nuclear DNA
More than one per cell
Linear and sequestered in membrane bound nucleus
2 copies of each chrome: diploid
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6
Q

Extranuclear DNA of Eukaryotes

A

Codes for about 5% RNA
Nuclear DNA codes 95% RNA
Some Protozoa and fungi carry plasmids
Circular and resemble chromosomes of Prokaryotes

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7
Q

DNA Replication

A

Anabolic polymerization
Requires monomers
And energy
Key is complimentary structure of 2 strands
Semiconservative: new strands composed of one original strand and one daughter strand

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8
Q

Process in DNA Replication

A

Polymerase binds to stnd
Adds nucleotides to hydroxyl group at 3’ end of nucleic acid
Leading strand synthesized continuously
Lagging strand synthesized discontinuously

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9
Q

Eukaryotic DNA

A

Similar to bacteria replication
Some differences:
4 DNA polymerases
Thousands of replication origins

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10
Q

Genotype

A

Set of genes in the genome

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical features and functionality traits

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12
Q

Transcription

A

Information in DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences

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13
Q

Translation

A

Polypeptides synthesized from RNA to nucleotide sequences

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14
Q

RNA from DNA

A 
RNA primers
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Occurs in nucleotide of prokaryotes
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15
Q

Initiation of Transcription

A

Attachment of RNA polymerase
Unzip DNA
Movement of RNA polymerase

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16
Q

Genome

A

The entire genetic complement of an organism

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17
Q

Elongation

A

Growing RNA molecule

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18
Q

RNA polymerase

A

No helicase
Slower than DNA polymerase
Uracil
Proofreading function is less efficient

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19
Q

Termination

A

RNA polymerase released
RNA transcriptase released
Self: stem loop
Rho dependent: protein moves along RNA

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20
Q

Transcription in Eukaryotes

A 
In nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts
3 types
Transcription factors 
mRNA processed before translation 
Capping
Polyadenylation
Splicing
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21
Q

Stages of Translation

A

Initiation elongation termination
Require additional protein factors
GTP: required for initiation and elongation

22
Q

RNA Translation

A

Release factors recognize stop codons
Modify ribosome to activate enzymes
Ribosomes dissociate into subunits
Polypeptides released at termination may function alone or together

23
Q

Gene Expression

A

75% expressed at all times

24
Q

Regulation of protein synthesis

A

Half transcription

Stops translation directly

25
Q

Other gene expression

A

Only transcribed or translated when cells need them

Allows for conservation of energy

26
Q

Inducible Operon

A

Activated by inducers

•lactose Operon

27
Q

Repressible Operon

A

Transcribed continuously until deactivated

•tyryptophan operon

28
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome

Deleterious

Sometimes gives the organism an improvement of ability

29
Q

Point Mutations

A

Most common
One base pair affected
Insertions deletions substitutions of nucleotides

30
Q

Frame shift mutations

A

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

Reading frame to shift

Protein too long or too short

31
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Point mutation
No effect on function
Code for same amino acid

32
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Point mutation

Different amino acid

33
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Point mutation

Stop codon where there should not be one

34
Q

Ionization Radiation

A

Breaks in chromosomes

Mutagens

35
Q

Non ionizing radiation

A

Pyrimadine dimers

Mutagens

36
Q

Nucleotide Analogs

A

Disrupt DNA/ RNA replication
•cause point mutations
Chemical mutagen

37
Q

Nucleotide-altering chemicals

A

Base pair substitution mutations

•missense mutations

Chemical mutagen

38
Q

Frame shift mutagen

A

Nonsense mutations

Chemical mutagen

39
Q

DNA light repair

A

Use light activated enzyme to replicate the base pair of the thymine dimer

40
Q

DNA dark repair

A

Repair enzyme gaps a chunk of mutated nucleotide sequence

DNA polymerase 1 and ligase pair to repair gap

41
Q

Base excision repair

A

Enzymes remove incorrect nucleotide

DNA polymerase 1 and ligase repair with correct nucleotide

42
Q

Mismatch DNA

A

Enzyme removes incorrect segment

DNA polymerase III repair with new segment

43
Q

Recombinants

A

Cells with DNA molecules that contain new nucleotide sequences

44
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

Organisms replicate their genomes

Provide copies to descendants

45
Q

Exchange of nucleotide sequences

A

Mediated by DNA segments composed of homologous sequences

46
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Donor contributes part of genome to recipient

Transformation
Transduction
Bacterial Conjugation

47
Q

DNA is genetic material

A

Due to it being the transforming Agent

48
Q

Competent cells

A

Cells that take up DNA

Alterations in cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane
• allow DNA to enter cell

49
Q

Generalized transduction

A

Transfixing phage carries random DNA segment from donor to recipient

50
Q

Specialized transduction

A

Only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred

51
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

Pilus draws cells together

Cell contact

Plasmid DNA transfer

Synthesis

52
Q

Transposons

A

Segments of DNA that move locations in same or different host

Frame shift insertion
Palindromic sequences at each end

Simplest: insertion sequences with no more than two inverted repeats/ gene for transposase
Complex: one or more genes not connected with transposition

Microbiology (3 decks)

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