Chapter 7: metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

The sum of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

The capacity of doing work, stored in food
stored as chemical bonds

Question 3

How does the body obtain energy from food

Answer 3

food provides fuel through a series of reactions that release energies from chemical bonds
bonds break, release energy water and waste

Question 4

The liver

Answer 4

metabolizes, packages, stores, or ships them out for use by other organs and detoxifies other organs

Question 5

The liver and Carbs

Answer 5

-Converts things to glucose
-makes and stores glycogen
-breaks down glycogen and releases glucose
-makes glucose from some amino acids and glycerol when needed
-converts excess glucose to fatty acids

Question 6

The liver and Proteins

Answer 6

-manufactures nonessential amino acids that are in short supplu
-takes certain extra amino acids out of circulation and turns them into glucose or fatty acids
- removes amonia from the blood for excretion
-Makes nitrogen containing compounds
-makes transport and blood proteins

Question 7

The liver and lipids

Answer 7

-builds and breaks down triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol as needed
-breaks down. fatty acids for energy when needed
-packages extra lipids in lipoproteins for transport to other body organs
-manufactures bile to send to the galbladder for use of fat digestion
- makes ketone bodies when necessary

Question 8

Liver’s other functions

Answer 8

detoxifies alcohol, other drugs, and poisons, prepares waste products for excretion
-helps dismantle old red blood cells and captures iron for recycling
-stores most vitamins and many minerals
-converts vitamin D into a =n intermediate, metabolic form

Question 9

Anabolism

Answer 9

Building reactions like making glycogen. they require energy

Question 10

Catabolism

Answer 10

The breakdown reactions
making glucose from glycogen reactions release energy to the body

Question 11

Chemical reactions in the bodyThe transfer of energy in reactions

Answer 11

ATP

Question 12

Chemical reactions in the body

Answer 12

powers all the activities of living cells

Question 13

ATP

Answer 13

High energy storage compound that captures some of the energy from catabolism conains 3 phosphate groups whos negative charges make them vulnerable to hydrolysis. When the phosphate bonds are broken they release energy that was captured from catabolism

Question 14

Coupled reactions

Answer 14

the body uses ATP to transfer the energy from catabolic reactions to power anabolic reactions

Question 15

The transfer of energy in reactions

Answer 15

-energy is captures in the high-energy storage compound, ATP
-Negative charges of phosphate groups are vulnerable to hydrolysis
- cleaving P groups releases energy

Question 16

Enzymes

Answer 16

Almost always required
-facilitate reactions
-remain unchanges

Question 17

Coenzyme

Answer 17

-complex, organic molecules
-not proteins
-associate with enzymes
-required for enzymes to function
(some vitamin B

Question 18

Digestion (macronutrients are broken down)

Answer 18

Carbohydrates
-Glucose
Fats
-Glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins
-Amino acids
Catabolism is the further breakdown into atoms

Question 19

Metabolic pathways

Answer 19

Glucose, glycerol, fatty acids and amino acids all take different metabolic pathways

Question 20

Pyruvate

Answer 20

3 carbon structure
Can be used to make glucose

Question 21

Acetyl CoA

Answer 21

2 carbons and coenzyme CoA
cannot be used to make glucose

Question 22

Fatty acids

Answer 22

Converted to acetyl CoA and therefore cannot make glucose

Question 23

Amino acids and glycerol

Answer 23

Can be converted to pyruvate and therefore can provide glucose for the body

Question 24

TCA cycle

Answer 24

-Tricarboxylic acid cycle, also called the citric acid cycle or the krebs cycle
-all energy-yielding nutrients can enter this pathway
-acetyl coa reacts with 4-c molecules
- each turn of TCA cycle releases 8 electrons

Question 25

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 25

-The final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen
- captures about half the energy released by breaking C-C bonds and storing it in the high energy bonds of ATP

Question 26

Glycolysis

Answer 26

Takes one 6 C molecule to another 6 C molecules and it splits into two 3 C molecules
-the 3 C molecules are then converted to other 3-C molecules until they are eventually converted to two pyruvate muscles
-2 ATP used and 4 produced (net yield of 2)

Question 27

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Answer 27

Aerobic
enters mitochondria
3-C pyruvate becomes 2-Carbin compound
becomes CO2
released into bloodstream and breathed out

Question 28

Pyruvate to lactate

Answer 28

Anaerobic
accepts H from glycolysis
pyruvate becomes lactate
coenzymes freed and return to glycolysis
cori cycle

Question 29

Glycerol and Fatty acids

Answer 29

Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
-glycerol enters the pathway that converts glucose then makes acetyl CoA
-fatty acids are broken down via fatty acid oxidation, this forms abundant acetyl CoA, fatty acids cannot make glucose

Question 30

Amino Acids

Answer 30

Amino acids are deaminated before entering energy pathways
-several entry points for amino acids
- because they are converted to pyruvate they can be turned into glucose
-if they enter the TCA cycle directly they can also be made into glucose

Question 31

Glucogenic amino acids

Answer 31

Amino acids can be converted into glucose

Question 32

Ketogenic

Answer 32

Amino acids that are converted to acetyl CoA and can’t be made into glucose

Question 33

Electron transport chain

Answer 33

a series of proteins that accept electrons and pass them to the next carrier on the inner mitochondrial membrane
-as the coenzymes deliver theur electrons from the TCA cycle, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation to the ETC, each carrier receives the electrons and passes them on to the next carrier.
-o2 accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to produce water
-As the electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, H atoms are pumped across the membrane to the outer portion which are then later pumbed back into the inner portion (powers ATP synthesis)
- once formed ATP can travel into the cytosol where it can be used to drive cell function