Chapter 10: Nutrients for energy metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of Vitamins

A

organic individual units

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2
Q

Structure or minerals

A

inorganic individual units

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3
Q

function of vitamins and minerals

A

Do not yield energy; assists enzymes to release energy, vitamins can be broken down, minerals cannot

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4
Q

Food contents of vitamins

A

micrograms (ug) to milligrams (mg)

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5
Q

Food contents of minerals

A

micrograms (ug) to grams (g)

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6
Q

The bioavailability of vitamins and minerals

A

influenced by the amount in food, amount absorbed and used by the body

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7
Q

Factors that influence biodiversity

A

-Efficiency of digestion, time of transit
-nutrient status
-food preparation method
- source of nutrient
- other foods present, vitamin C enhances iron absorption and calcium inhibits it

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8
Q

Precursors

A

Some vitamins are present in a precursor form and activated inside the body

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9
Q

Chemical nature

A

some vitamins can be destroyed by light, heat or oxidation, minerals cannot

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10
Q

Water Soluble vitamins

A

Thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
biotin
pamtothenec acid
vitamin B6 and 12
folate
Vitamin C

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11
Q

Fat Soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

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12
Q

Major Minerals

A

Na
K
Cl
P
Ca
Mg
S

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13
Q

Trace Minerals

A

Sl
F
I
Cr
Mn
Fe
Zn
Cu

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14
Q

Coenzyme

A

A small organic molecule that associates closely with certain enzymes, several B vitamins form part of the coenzyme that helps get energy from carbs, fats and protein

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15
Q

Thiamin

A

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle
major role in energy metabolism
controls nerve and muscle activity
RDA 1.2 mg/d for men and 1.1 mg/day for women

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16
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A

dry Beriberi: damage to the nervous system (muscle weakness in the arms and legs)
Wet Beriberi- damage to the cardiovascular system (dilated blood vessels, strain on the heart that leads to edema

17
Q

Riboflavin

A

coenzyme in TCA (accepts and donates 2H)
RDA: 1.3mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/ for women
deficiency symptoms include inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes and GI tract
No know toxicity symptoms

18
Q

Niacin

A

TCA to ETC (NAD and NADP) RDA 16mg and 14 mg for women

19
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

pellagra
4 Ds
- Diarrhea
- dermatitis
- Dementia
- Death

20
Q

Niacin toxicity

A

Rare from food
niacin flush
painful tingling sensation

21
Q

Biotin

A

Delivers a carbon to pyruvate to replenish oxaloacetate which can be a limiting compound in the TCA
AI 30 ug/day
-No RDA or UL
deficiency: skin rash, hair loss, neurological impairment produced by bacteria in GI tract

22
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Part of coenzyme A
AI is 5 mg/day. Deficiency is rare and there is no UL

23
Q

B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate
amino acid metabolism
stored in muscles
recommendations: 1.3 mg/day
deficiency and toxicity are rare
UL is 100 mg/day

24
Q

Folate

A

Synthesis of DNA
THF
RDA is 400 mg/day
recommended as a supplement for anyone who could become pregnant

25
Deficiency of folate
Neural tube = brain and spinal cord, can lead to death mandatory fortification
26
Folate deficiency
GI deterioration and anemia caused by inadequate intake of impaired absorption has some drug interactions
27
B12
Closely related to folate maintain sheath on nerve cell and bone cell activity and metabolism bone cell activity and metabolism
28
B12 absorption
requires HCL and IF recommendations:2.4 ug a day poor absorption of pernicious anemia lead to neurological symptoms exclusively in meat and nutritional yeast
29
what can supplements do
correct deficiencies support inc nutrient needs improve nutrition status improve body defences reduce disease risk
30
who needs supplements
specific nutrient deficiency low engine intakes vegans and older adults lactose intolerance medications stages of life cycle vit D in the winter medical conditions