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Nutrition > Chapter 10: Nutrients for energy metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Nutrients for energy metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of Vitamins

A

organic individual units

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2
Q

Structure or minerals

A

inorganic individual units

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3
Q

function of vitamins and minerals

A

Do not yield energy; assists enzymes to release energy, vitamins can be broken down, minerals cannot

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4
Q

Food contents of vitamins

A

micrograms (ug) to milligrams (mg)

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5
Q

Food contents of minerals

A

micrograms (ug) to grams (g)

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6
Q

The bioavailability of vitamins and minerals

A

influenced by the amount in food, amount absorbed and used by the body

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7
Q

Factors that influence biodiversity

A

-Efficiency of digestion, time of transit
-nutrient status
-food preparation method
- source of nutrient
- other foods present, vitamin C enhances iron absorption and calcium inhibits it

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8
Q

Precursors

A

Some vitamins are present in a precursor form and activated inside the body

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9
Q

Chemical nature

A

some vitamins can be destroyed by light, heat or oxidation, minerals cannot

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10
Q

Water Soluble vitamins

A

Thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
biotin
pamtothenec acid
vitamin B6 and 12
folate
Vitamin C

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11
Q

Fat Soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

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12
Q

Major Minerals

A

Na
K
Cl
P
Ca
Mg
S

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13
Q

Trace Minerals

A

Sl
F
I
Cr
Mn
Fe
Zn
Cu

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14
Q

Coenzyme

A

A small organic molecule that associates closely with certain enzymes, several B vitamins form part of the coenzyme that helps get energy from carbs, fats and protein

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15
Q

Thiamin

A

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle
major role in energy metabolism
controls nerve and muscle activity
RDA 1.2 mg/d for men and 1.1 mg/day for women

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16
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A

dry Beriberi: damage to the nervous system (muscle weakness in the arms and legs)
Wet Beriberi- damage to the cardiovascular system (dilated blood vessels, strain on the heart that leads to edema

17
Q

Riboflavin

A

coenzyme in TCA (accepts and donates 2H)
RDA: 1.3mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/ for women
deficiency symptoms include inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes and GI tract
No know toxicity symptoms

18
Q

Niacin

A

TCA to ETC (NAD and NADP) RDA 16mg and 14 mg for women

19
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

pellagra
4 Ds
- Diarrhea
- dermatitis
- Dementia
- Death

20
Q

Niacin toxicity

A

Rare from food
niacin flush
painful tingling sensation

21
Q

Biotin

A

Delivers a carbon to pyruvate to replenish oxaloacetate which can be a limiting compound in the TCA
AI 30 ug/day
-No RDA or UL
deficiency: skin rash, hair loss, neurological impairment produced by bacteria in GI tract

22
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Part of coenzyme A
AI is 5 mg/day. Deficiency is rare and there is no UL

23
Q

B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate
amino acid metabolism
stored in muscles
recommendations: 1.3 mg/day
deficiency and toxicity are rare
UL is 100 mg/day

24
Q

Folate

A

Synthesis of DNA
THF
RDA is 400 mg/day
recommended as a supplement for anyone who could become pregnant

25
Q

Deficiency of folate

A

Neural tube = brain and spinal cord, can lead to death
mandatory fortification

26
Q

Folate deficiency

A

GI deterioration and anemia caused by inadequate intake of impaired absorption
has some drug interactions

27
Q

B12

A

Closely related to folate
maintain sheath on nerve cell and bone cell activity and metabolism
bone cell activity and metabolism

28
Q

B12 absorption

A

requires HCL and IF
recommendations:2.4 ug a day
poor absorption of pernicious anemia lead to neurological symptoms exclusively in meat and nutritional yeast

29
Q

what can supplements do

A

correct deficiencies
support inc nutrient needs
improve nutrition status
improve body defences
reduce disease risk

30
Q

who needs supplements

A

specific nutrient deficiency
low engine intakes
vegans and older adults
lactose intolerance
medications
stages of life cycle
vit D in the winter
medical conditions

Nutrition (5 decks)

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