Chapter 7 (mental disorders) Flashcards
Define Mental Disorders (formal definition)
Alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning
What are the three most common mental disorders in consecutive order?
- Mood and Anxiety disorders (11.7% of pop.)
- Substance Abuse Disorders (5.9% of pop.)
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (2.2%)
How many adults develop an mental illness in a given year?
20%
At what age do half of Canadians have had a mental disorder?
40
Does prevalence of mental disorders vary across social groups?
Yes - examples include LGBTQ2IA+, racialized, immigrant, first responders, etc.
True or False: Men are often diagnosed earlier than women
True
Describe psychosis
a “loss of touch with reality”. Symptoms include: hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking
Explain the Etiology of Psychosis/schizophrenia and Risk Factors
Genetics account for 50% of the risk. Maternal nutrition (when mother is preggo during famine, offspring likely to have delusions). social stress (immigrant children, an when mothers experience close death during first trimester), etc.
What did Leanord Pearlin and colleagues find about stress and mental illness?
compared depression rates in people who had been unemployed. Found people who did not develop depression:compared themselves positively with others
- were not focused on economic and monetary achievements - reported high levels of emotional support - internal locus of control
What did Leighton find in his Stirling County study for Communities Under Stress?
Found that mental illness was higher in disintegrated communities. Recent history of disaster, extensive poverty, cultural confusion, rapid social change.
Overall, we have individual stress that needs things like physical security, sex, love, individual recognition, etc.
List malsow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top
Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
Discuss the dichotomy of treatment of mental disorders
Biological Treatment: bodily intervention - psychiatry
Psychological Treatment: psychosocial therapy - Psychology (Catharsis, therapeutic communities)
What lead to the growth of the Asylum as explained by Edward Shorter in London?
Push factors: Growing intolerance of crazies from families, capitalism, asylum as more human environment for the ill, growing legitimacy of medicine. Also, there were closing of poorhouses.
What are the 4 factors that played in the deinstitutionalization that resulted from exiting the asylum?
Civil libertarianism: right of individuals protected from the state.
Confidence in newly introduced anti-psychotic meds.
Promise of community mental health services: nothing was developed actually.
Political-economic influences: hospitals were becoming too expensive.
List some of the results of deinstitutionalization
poverty, homelessness, suicide, imprisonment, drug problems, violence, fam stress, victimization.
Explain Community Treatment Orders
Considered an alternative to involuntary hospitalizations. Conditions may include: taking medications as prescribed; attending medical appointments as required; maintaining residence in designated supportive housing; refraining from the use of alcohol/drugs.
For revolving door patients.
Explain the Costs to the Individual: The Disease & Discrimination Paradigms
The disease paradigm: Emphasizes ameliorating symptoms that distress and impair individuals’ functioning. Followed by the pharma revolution.
The Discrimination Paradigm: emphasizes the role that stigmatization plays in the daily experiences of people with mental illness. Pharma companies have worked to lessen the stigma around depression and anxiety.
What are the explanation around schizophrenia and stigma?
- Uncertainty
- Unpredictability
- Incompetence
- Dangerousness
- Responsiblization
What did Hooley say about stigma, mental illness, and culture?
Euro Americans have high internal locus of control and because we believe we can control our own destiny we start to blame others who fail in manifesting their own lack of success.
What did Jenkins say about stigma, mental illness, and culure?
- “nervios” explanation- Latin America - less stigma
- biochemical explanation-Western society - more stigma
What are the 4 stigma management techniques?
Trying to pass, Dividing their social worlds (telling only some people), deflecting (distance self from label), Challenging (confront stigma)
Who coined the term “medicalization”?
Irving Zola
What is Medicalization?
the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions.
medicalization = the social construction of medical conditions
List some medicalized disorders at the time the term was coined
Alcoholism, Homosexuality, Erectile Dysfunction, Masturbation, ADHD, PMS, PPD, etc.
List the process of medicalization focus on PMS
- Increasingly seen as medical
- Intra debates: between med professionals
- Inter debates: between all health professionals
- Lay debates: Between people NOT in med field and health establishment
- Institutionalization: now a legit disorder
What are the benefits of medicalization?
can reduce stigma of living with condition, can lead to empathy for crazy bitches, can ensure that crazy bitches get help
What are some problems associated with medicalization?
Medical profession comes to ‘own’ the condition (research money), focus on the disorder can cut off the actual experiences of the crazy bitches in society, may be used to justify involuntary treatment (eg. CTOs)
