Chapter 7 (mental disorders)

Question 1

Define Mental Disorders (formal definition)

Answer 1

Alterations in thinking, mood, or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning

Question 2

What are the three most common mental disorders in consecutive order?

Answer 2

1. Mood and Anxiety disorders (11.7% of pop.)
2. Substance Abuse Disorders (5.9% of pop.)
3. Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (2.2%)

Question 3

How many adults develop an mental illness in a given year?

Answer 3

20%

Question 4

At what age do half of Canadians have had a mental disorder?

Answer 4

40

Question 5

Does prevalence of mental disorders vary across social groups?

Answer 5

Yes - examples include LGBTQ2IA+, racialized, immigrant, first responders, etc.

Question 6

True or False: Men are often diagnosed earlier than women

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Describe psychosis

Answer 7

a “loss of touch with reality”. Symptoms include: hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking

Question 8

Explain the Etiology of Psychosis/schizophrenia and Risk Factors

Answer 8

Genetics account for 50% of the risk. Maternal nutrition (when mother is preggo during famine, offspring likely to have delusions). social stress (immigrant children, an when mothers experience close death during first trimester), etc.

Question 9

What did Leanord Pearlin and colleagues find about stress and mental illness?

Answer 9

compared depression rates in people who had been unemployed. Found people who did not develop depression:compared themselves positively with others

 	- were not focused on economic and monetary achievements 
 	- reported high levels of emotional support
- internal locus of control

Question 10

What did Leighton find in his Stirling County study for Communities Under Stress?

Answer 10

Found that mental illness was higher in disintegrated communities. Recent history of disaster, extensive poverty, cultural confusion, rapid social change.
Overall, we have individual stress that needs things like physical security, sex, love, individual recognition, etc.

Question 11

List malsow’s hierarchy of needs from bottom to top

Answer 11

Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

Question 12

Discuss the dichotomy of treatment of mental disorders

Answer 12

Biological Treatment: bodily intervention - psychiatry

Psychological Treatment: psychosocial therapy - Psychology (Catharsis, therapeutic communities)

Question 13

What lead to the growth of the Asylum as explained by Edward Shorter in London?

Answer 13

Push factors: Growing intolerance of crazies from families, capitalism, asylum as more human environment for the ill, growing legitimacy of medicine. Also, there were closing of poorhouses.

Question 14

What are the 4 factors that played in the deinstitutionalization that resulted from exiting the asylum?

Answer 14

Civil libertarianism: right of individuals protected from the state.
Confidence in newly introduced anti-psychotic meds.
Promise of community mental health services: nothing was developed actually.
Political-economic influences: hospitals were becoming too expensive.

Question 15

List some of the results of deinstitutionalization

Answer 15

poverty, homelessness, suicide, imprisonment, drug problems, violence, fam stress, victimization.

Question 16

Explain Community Treatment Orders

Answer 16

Considered an alternative to involuntary hospitalizations. Conditions may include: taking medications as prescribed; attending medical appointments as required; maintaining residence in designated supportive housing; refraining from the use of alcohol/drugs.
For revolving door patients.

Question 17

Explain the Costs to the Individual: The Disease & Discrimination Paradigms

Answer 17

The disease paradigm: Emphasizes ameliorating symptoms that distress and impair individuals’ functioning. Followed by the pharma revolution.
The Discrimination Paradigm: emphasizes the role that stigmatization plays in the daily experiences of people with mental illness. Pharma companies have worked to lessen the stigma around depression and anxiety.

Question 18

What are the explanation around schizophrenia and stigma?

Answer 18

1. Uncertainty
2. Unpredictability
3. Incompetence
4. Dangerousness
5. Responsiblization

Question 19

What did Hooley say about stigma, mental illness, and culture?

Answer 19

Euro Americans have high internal locus of control and because we believe we can control our own destiny we start to blame others who fail in manifesting their own lack of success.

Question 20

What did Jenkins say about stigma, mental illness, and culure?

Answer 20

• “nervios” explanation- Latin America - less stigma

- biochemical explanation-Western society - more stigma

Question 21

What are the 4 stigma management techniques?

Answer 21

Trying to pass, Dividing their social worlds (telling only some people), deflecting (distance self from label), Challenging (confront stigma)

Question 22

Who coined the term “medicalization”?

Answer 22

Irving Zola

Question 23

What is Medicalization?

Answer 23

the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions.
medicalization = the social construction of medical conditions

Question 24

List some medicalized disorders at the time the term was coined

Answer 24

Alcoholism, Homosexuality, Erectile Dysfunction, Masturbation, ADHD, PMS, PPD, etc.

Question 25

List the process of medicalization focus on PMS

Answer 25

1. Increasingly seen as medical
2. Intra debates: between med professionals
3. Inter debates: between all health professionals
4. Lay debates: Between people NOT in med field and health establishment
5. Institutionalization: now a legit disorder

Question 26

What are the benefits of medicalization?

Answer 26

can reduce stigma of living with condition, can lead to empathy for crazy bitches, can ensure that crazy bitches get help

Question 27

What are some problems associated with medicalization?

Answer 27

Medical profession comes to ‘own’ the condition (research money), focus on the disorder can cut off the actual experiences of the crazy bitches in society, may be used to justify involuntary treatment (eg. CTOs)