Chapter 6

Question 1

Define “troubled” youth and “troubling’ youth

Answer 1

Troubling: primarily a risk to others
Troubled: primarily a risk to themselves (seen with more sympathy)

Question 2

Which youth are punishable young offenders and which are reoformable? Who coined these terms?

Answer 2

Troubling are punishable. Troubled are reformable.

Bryan Hogeveen.

Question 3

What are the most common crimes committed by youth?

Answer 3

Theft under $5000, Mischief, Level 1 assault.

Question 4

What age does criminal behaviour peak at? what does this say about the relationship between age and crime?

Answer 4

Peak between 16 and 21. They have a negative correlation.

Question 5

What are the trends in frequency of youth crimes today?

Answer 5

Overall youth crime rate is trending down in Canada.

Question 6

Are youth perceived as more criminal today?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Are youth perceived to commit more violent crimes today?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

What did Philippe Aries identify and claim?

Answer 8

That societies’ view and the treatment of children changed over time. Claimed the modern concept of “childhood” was discovered in 17th century Europe. The high mortality rate encouraged a lack of emotion towards newborns.

Question 9

What did Lamar Empev discover and suggest?

Answer 9

In the 19th century, people started showing concern over children. Suggested this resulted in development of separate courts for youth.

Question 10

What was the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908)?

Answer 10

Jurisdiction over aged 7-15. Based on parens parie: state must act as parent over delinquent child. Courts could choose to fine, foster home, or probationary sentence.

Question 11

What was the Young Offenders Act (1984)?

Answer 11

JDA was too soft and expensive. This focused on youth responsibility, societal protection - but also special needs of youth.

Question 12

What is the YCJA (2003)?

Answer 12

YOA had conflicting principles, overuse of incarcerations, no plan for youth reintegration. This introduced two pronged system where youth can also be charged as adults.

Question 13

Explain the impact of family on youth crime

Answer 13

Children with strong bonds to parents have better mental and physical health; highly unlikely to become involved in criminal activity.

Question 14

Explain the impact of school on youth crime

Answer 14

Schools provide structured daytime activities and support healthy socialization. School-related factors which improve outcomes: school success and bonding, participation in extracurricular activities, low delinquency rate.

Question 15

What are Peer group protective factors?

Answer 15

Pro-social siblings and peers.
Positive peer-group membership.
Positive social support is related to lower rates of emotional and behavioural disorders, crime, and violence.

Question 16

What are Peer Group risk factors?

Answer 16

Delinquent siblings and peers

Question 17

What is the big risk factor of community and neighborhood?

Answer 17

Community disorganization = moving a lot, so kids don’t have enough time to develop meaningful relationships

Question 18

What is the big protective factor of community and neighborhood?

Answer 18

Organized and accessible community/social infrastructure

Question 19

What kinds of neighbourhoods do violent gangs tend to occur in?

Answer 19

high poverty

	- poor housing
	- drug use/dealing
	- transient population
	- high rate of high school non-completion

Question 20

Is drug use common (not weed) among canadian youth?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What is the main reason youth use drugs and alcohol?

Answer 21

Curiosity - usually unproblematic and does not lead to further use.
The Nucleus Accumbens develops before the prefrontal cortex.

Question 22

What are a few other reasons youth use drugs and alcohol?

Answer 22

Pleasure, peer pressure, as a means of coping.

Question 23

What were the findings from Bruce Alexander’s Rat Park Studies?

Answer 23

Rats have similarities with humans - they are social animals. The rats out with each other in a group didn’t become addicted to coke, but the rat which was by itself did and it died from an OD.

So, it’s not drugs that cause addiction, it’s vulnerability

Question 24

List the attributes of Craig Reinarman’s Drug Scares as Moral Panics.

Answer 24

1. A Kernel of Truth
   
   2. Media Magnification
   3. Politico-Moral Entrepreneurs
   4. Professional Interest Groups
   5. Historical Context of Conflict
   6. Form of Drug Use Linked to a Dangerous Class
   7. Scapegoating a Drug for Public Problems

Question 25

What was the kernal of truth?

Answer 25

People who have a predisposition towards psychosis are at a higher risk of having a psychotic break from substance use

Question 26

What was the media magnification?

Answer 26

Selling the drama. They’re not telling you the 99% of people who consumed cannabis were fine

Question 27

List the professional interest groups

Answer 27

Police, Pharma companies, companies (concerns about workers drinking or smoking on the job), politicians (scared of the commies), These are not moral entrepreneurs, but they have high stakes.

Question 28

List the reasons of historical context of conflict

Answer 28

urbanization, immigration, industrialization, secularization

Question 29

What were the intentions of the RCMP at the ledain commission from Martel?

Answer 29

Associating hippies with marijuana and communism

Question 30

Explain the absurdity of the War on Drugs

Answer 30

It was a Big Failure. What happened was people who needed help were being criminalized, while the police forces benefitted.
It never decreased the amount of drug on the street, it just increased prices

Question 31

What’s important for a successful anti-drug campaign?

Answer 31

Target Parents. A lot of this is getting away from all drugs is bad to if used responsibly, certain substances can be good to seeing where people are at and getting them help
Roleplaying is being implemented more – teaching kids how to say no