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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store + retrieve info over time

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2
Q

Are Memories Constructed or Recorded?

A

Constructed. New info comes through our senses + combines w/ existing info in our brains

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3
Q

Three Key Functions of Memory

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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4
Q

Define Encoding

A

Transforming what we think, feel, see into a memory code. (Usually requires attention)

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5
Q

Define Storage

A

Maintaining info in memory over time.

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6
Q

Define Retrieval

A

Bringing to mind info that has encoded into memory.

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7
Q

Summarize Encoding

A

~Attention; Focussing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

~Filer screens out most stimuli allowing only a select few to enter conscious awareness

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8
Q

Does Encoding Occur Earlier or Later

A

There is a debate. Cocktail party effect suggests later (Being able to focus on one conversation in a room full of people)

Early; During sensory input
Later; After meaning is processed

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9
Q

Who Created Levels of Processing

A

Craik + Lockhart

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10
Q

What are the Three Levels of Info Processing

A

1) Structural; Shallowest level. Emphasizes physical structure.
2) Phonemic; Emphasizes the sound.
3) Semantic; Deepest level. Emphasizes the meaning.

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11
Q

Define Semantic Encoding

A

Memory depends not only on what we sense at the time, but also what we think at the time.

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12
Q

What is the Best Type of Encoding + Which Two People Decided That?

A

Semantic encoding is better than structural or phonemic. (Craik + Tulving, 1975)

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13
Q

Define Enriched Encoding

A

There are dimensions that enrich encoding that can improve memory.

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14
Q

Name 6 Types of Enriched Encoding

A

Visual Imagery, Dual Coding Theory, Elaboration, Self-Relevant, Organizational Encoding, Survival-Related Encoding

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15
Q

Describe Visual Imagery (Enriched Encoding)

A

Storing info by turning it into a mental picture.

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16
Q

Describe Dual-Coding Theory (Enriched Encoding)

A

Memory is enhanced by forming semantic + visual codes, as either can lead to recall (Paivio, 1986)

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17
Q

Describe Elaboration (Enriched Encoding)

A

Linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding

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18
Q

Describe Self-Relevant (Enriched Encoding)

A

Deciding how or whether info is personally relevant.

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19
Q

Describe Organizational Encoding (Enriched Encoding)

A

Organizing info into the categories they belong in. (The relationships between them)

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20
Q

Describe Survival-Related Encoding (Enriched Encoding)

A

Encoding critical to our survival.

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21
Q

Define Storage

A

Maintaining info in memory over time.

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22
Q

What are the 3 Types of Storage?

A

Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

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23
Q

Define Sensory Memory

A

Holds info in its original sensory form for a few seconds or less

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24
Q

Two Types of Sensory Memory

A

Iconic Memory; Fast decaying store of visual info. Decays in 1 sec or less.

Echoic Memory; Fast decaying store of auditory info. Decays in 5 sec or less.

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25
Q

Define Short-Term Memory Storage

A

Holds non-sensory info for about 15-20 secs. An individual can do simple reporting within a few secs, but not after. Must extend the natural capacity of short-term memory by using working memory (ex. rehearsal/chunking)

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26
Q

Describe Working Memory in Relation to Short-Term Memory

A

The active maintenance of info in Short-Term Memory.

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27
Q

Describe the Process of Working Memory

A

Sub-systems store + manipulate visual + verbal info. The central executive system manages the subsystems. (Frontal Lobe Activity)

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28
Q

Identify the 4 Components of Working Memory Proposed by Baddeley (2001)

A

Executive Control System (Branches off into), Phonological Rehearsal Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer

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29
Q

Define Long-Term Memory Storage

A

Holds info for days, weeks, years. No known limit capacity.

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30
Q

Is Long-Term Memory Permanent (Include an example)?

A

Flashbulb memories; Seeming vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events. Not accurate.

31
Q

List 3 Ways in Which Knowledge is Represented + Organized in Memory.

A

1) Clustering + Conceptual Hierarchies
2) Semantic Networks
3) Schemas + Scripts

32
Q

Define Clustering + Conceptual Hierarchies

A

A multilevel classification system based on common properties between items.

33
Q

Define Semantic Networks

A

Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.

34
Q

Define Schemas + Scripts

A

Organized cluster of knowledge about an object/event influenced by our previous experience.

35
Q

What Part of the Brain plays a Central Role in Memory?

A

Hippocampus

36
Q

What is the Role of the Hippocampus

A

A processor that links all the areas of the cortex together (Different aspects of memories stored in different areas). Responsible for the initial consolidation of memories.

37
Q

When does the Hippocampus Become Less Critical?

A

After the memory is stable.

38
Q

Define Anterograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia. Inability to transfer new info from Short-Term to Long-Term Memory.

39
Q

Define Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memories prior to the onset of amnesia. Inability to remember anything prior to triggering date.

40
Q

Define Memory Consolidation

A

Process by which memory becomes stable in the brain. Memories can be easily disrupted until consolidation occurs.

41
Q

Name 2 Potential Types of Memory Consolidation

A

1) Over Short Period

2) Over Long Period

42
Q

What Aids Memory Consolidation?

A

Rehearsal (Talking/thinking about an event)

43
Q

How Long does it Take for Long-Term Consolidation

A

Days, months, years

44
Q

Define Reconsolidation

A

Consolidated memories are vulnerable to disruption.

45
Q

How Memories are Strengthened in Brain

A

More efficient neurotransmitter release. Enhancing the availability + release of neurotransmitters at synapses. Changes in neurons for more efficient localized neural circuits.

46
Q

Define Long-Term Potentiation

A

Long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway

47
Q

Define Retrieval

A

Getting info out of memory

48
Q

How Can Retrieval Occur?

A

Using cues. Reinstating the context of an event, or reconstructing memories.

49
Q

Explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

A failure in retrieval

50
Q

Explain the Misinformation Effect

A

When a person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information.

51
Q

Define Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Cue is most effective when it helps to re-create the way the info was encoded.

52
Q

Define State Dependent Memory

A

Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.

53
Q

Define Forgetting

A

When memory lapses

54
Q

Define Retention

A

The proportion of material retained.

55
Q

List 3 Types of Retention

A

Recall, Recognition, Relearning

56
Q

Describe Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

A

Forgetting extremely rapid after the original learning, and then levels off.

57
Q

Describe Recognition vs Recall in the Measurement of Retention

A

Recognition has higher retention levels than recall.

58
Q

Why do We Forget

A

Ineffective encoding, decay, interference,

59
Q

List 2 Types of Interference

A

Proactive; Previously learned info interferes

Retroactive; Subsequently learned info interferes

60
Q

Define Explicit Memory

A

Consciously/intentionally recalling past experiences

61
Q

List different Implicit Forms of Memory

A

Past experiences influence behaviour even without an effort to remember them or awareness of the recollection, procedural memory, priming

62
Q

Define Procedural Memory (Implicit)

A

Gradual acquisition of a skill as a result of practice

63
Q

Define Priming (Implicit)

A

Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus due to the recent exposure to the stimulus

64
Q

Define Semantic Memory

A

Facts + concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. May not be affected by hippocampal damage. New semantic knowledge can be acquired

65
Q

Define Episodic Memory

A

Collection of past experiences that occurred at a particular time + place. Allows us to link past events to present.

66
Q

List the Seven Sins of Memory

A

Transience, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Memory Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias, Persistence

67
Q

Define Transience (7 Sins)

A

Forgetting due to passage of time (After encoding, before retrieval)

68
Q

Define Absentmindedness (7 sins)

A

Lapse of attention causing a memory failure

69
Q

Define Blocking (7 sins)

A

Failure to retrieve info available in memory, even when trying to produce it. (Retrieval failure)

70
Q

Define Memory Misattribution (7 sins)

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source. (Misinformation effect)

71
Q

Define Suggestibility (7 sins)

A

Tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal experiences

72
Q

Define Bias (7 sins)

A

Distorted influences of present knowledge, beliefs, + feelings on recollection of previous experiences (Consistency bias)

73
Q

Define Persistence (7 sins)

A

Intensive recollection of events that we would prefer to forget.

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

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