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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store + retrieve info over time

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2
Q

Are Memories Constructed or Recorded?

A

Constructed. New info comes through our senses + combines w/ existing info in our brains

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3
Q

Three Key Functions of Memory

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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4
Q

Define Encoding

A

Transforming what we think, feel, see into a memory code. (Usually requires attention)

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5
Q

Define Storage

A

Maintaining info in memory over time.

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6
Q

Define Retrieval

A

Bringing to mind info that has encoded into memory.

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7
Q

Summarize Encoding

A

~Attention; Focussing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

~Filer screens out most stimuli allowing only a select few to enter conscious awareness

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8
Q

Does Encoding Occur Earlier or Later

A

There is a debate. Cocktail party effect suggests later (Being able to focus on one conversation in a room full of people)

Early; During sensory input
Later; After meaning is processed

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9
Q

Who Created Levels of Processing

A

Craik + Lockhart

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10
Q

What are the Three Levels of Info Processing

A

1) Structural; Shallowest level. Emphasizes physical structure.
2) Phonemic; Emphasizes the sound.
3) Semantic; Deepest level. Emphasizes the meaning.

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11
Q

Define Semantic Encoding

A

Memory depends not only on what we sense at the time, but also what we think at the time.

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12
Q

What is the Best Type of Encoding + Which Two People Decided That?

A

Semantic encoding is better than structural or phonemic. (Craik + Tulving, 1975)

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13
Q

Define Enriched Encoding

A

There are dimensions that enrich encoding that can improve memory.

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14
Q

Name 6 Types of Enriched Encoding

A

Visual Imagery, Dual Coding Theory, Elaboration, Self-Relevant, Organizational Encoding, Survival-Related Encoding

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15
Q

Describe Visual Imagery (Enriched Encoding)

A

Storing info by turning it into a mental picture.

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16
Q

Describe Dual-Coding Theory (Enriched Encoding)

A

Memory is enhanced by forming semantic + visual codes, as either can lead to recall (Paivio, 1986)

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17
Q

Describe Elaboration (Enriched Encoding)

A

Linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding

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18
Q

Describe Self-Relevant (Enriched Encoding)

A

Deciding how or whether info is personally relevant.

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19
Q

Describe Organizational Encoding (Enriched Encoding)

A

Organizing info into the categories they belong in. (The relationships between them)

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20
Q

Describe Survival-Related Encoding (Enriched Encoding)

A

Encoding critical to our survival.

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21
Q

Define Storage

A

Maintaining info in memory over time.

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22
Q

What are the 3 Types of Storage?

A

Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

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23
Q

Define Sensory Memory

A

Holds info in its original sensory form for a few seconds or less

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24
Q

Two Types of Sensory Memory

A

Iconic Memory; Fast decaying store of visual info. Decays in 1 sec or less.

Echoic Memory; Fast decaying store of auditory info. Decays in 5 sec or less.

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25
Define Short-Term Memory Storage
Holds non-sensory info for about 15-20 secs. An individual can do simple reporting within a few secs, but not after. Must extend the natural capacity of short-term memory by using working memory (ex. rehearsal/chunking)
26
Describe Working Memory in Relation to Short-Term Memory
The active maintenance of info in Short-Term Memory.
27
Describe the Process of Working Memory
Sub-systems store + manipulate visual + verbal info. The central executive system manages the subsystems. (Frontal Lobe Activity)
28
Identify the 4 Components of Working Memory Proposed by Baddeley (2001)
Executive Control System (Branches off into), Phonological Rehearsal Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer
29
Define Long-Term Memory Storage
Holds info for days, weeks, years. No known limit capacity.
30
Is Long-Term Memory Permanent (Include an example)?
Flashbulb memories; Seeming vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events. Not accurate.
31
List 3 Ways in Which Knowledge is Represented + Organized in Memory.
1) Clustering + Conceptual Hierarchies 2) Semantic Networks 3) Schemas + Scripts
32
Define Clustering + Conceptual Hierarchies
A multilevel classification system based on common properties between items.
33
Define Semantic Networks
Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
34
Define Schemas + Scripts
Organized cluster of knowledge about an object/event influenced by our previous experience.
35
What Part of the Brain plays a Central Role in Memory?
Hippocampus
36
What is the Role of the Hippocampus
A processor that links all the areas of the cortex together (Different aspects of memories stored in different areas). Responsible for the initial consolidation of memories.
37
When does the Hippocampus Become Less Critical?
After the memory is stable.
38
Define Anterograde Amnesia
Loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia. Inability to transfer new info from Short-Term to Long-Term Memory.
39
Define Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of memories prior to the onset of amnesia. Inability to remember anything prior to triggering date.
40
Define Memory Consolidation
Process by which memory becomes stable in the brain. Memories can be easily disrupted until consolidation occurs.
41
Name 2 Potential Types of Memory Consolidation
1) Over Short Period | 2) Over Long Period
42
What Aids Memory Consolidation?
Rehearsal (Talking/thinking about an event)
43
How Long does it Take for Long-Term Consolidation
Days, months, years
44
Define Reconsolidation
Consolidated memories are vulnerable to disruption.
45
How Memories are Strengthened in Brain
More efficient neurotransmitter release. Enhancing the availability + release of neurotransmitters at synapses. Changes in neurons for more efficient localized neural circuits.
46
Define Long-Term Potentiation
Long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway
47
Define Retrieval
Getting info out of memory
48
How Can Retrieval Occur?
Using cues. Reinstating the context of an event, or reconstructing memories.
49
Explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
A failure in retrieval
50
Explain the Misinformation Effect
When a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information.
51
Define Encoding Specificity Principle
Cue is most effective when it helps to re-create the way the info was encoded.
52
Define State Dependent Memory
Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
53
Define Forgetting
When memory lapses
54
Define Retention
The proportion of material retained.
55
List 3 Types of Retention
Recall, Recognition, Relearning
56
Describe Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve
Forgetting extremely rapid after the original learning, and then levels off.
57
Describe Recognition vs Recall in the Measurement of Retention
Recognition has higher retention levels than recall.
58
Why do We Forget
Ineffective encoding, decay, interference,
59
List 2 Types of Interference
Proactive; Previously learned info interferes | Retroactive; Subsequently learned info interferes
60
Define Explicit Memory
Consciously/intentionally recalling past experiences
61
List different Implicit Forms of Memory
Past experiences influence behaviour even without an effort to remember them or awareness of the recollection, procedural memory, priming
62
Define Procedural Memory (Implicit)
Gradual acquisition of a skill as a result of practice
63
Define Priming (Implicit)
Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus due to the recent exposure to the stimulus
64
Define Semantic Memory
Facts + concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. May not be affected by hippocampal damage. New semantic knowledge can be acquired
65
Define Episodic Memory
Collection of past experiences that occurred at a particular time + place. Allows us to link past events to present.
66
List the Seven Sins of Memory
Transience, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Memory Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias, Persistence
67
Define Transience (7 Sins)
Forgetting due to passage of time (After encoding, before retrieval)
68
Define Absentmindedness (7 sins)
Lapse of attention causing a memory failure
69
Define Blocking (7 sins)
Failure to retrieve info available in memory, even when trying to produce it. (Retrieval failure)
70
Define Memory Misattribution (7 sins)
Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source. (Misinformation effect)
71
Define Suggestibility (7 sins)
Tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal experiences
72
Define Bias (7 sins)
Distorted influences of present knowledge, beliefs, + feelings on recollection of previous experiences (Consistency bias)
73
Define Persistence (7 sins)
Intensive recollection of events that we would prefer to forget.

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

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