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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 6 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Define Consciousness

A

The awareness of internal + external stimuli

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2
Q

Define the Idea Behind the Mind-Body Problem

A

Perceptions + feelings are associated w/ brain activity

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3
Q

What did Libet say in 1985 About the Mind-Body Problem?

A

Mental states are related to the brain.

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4
Q

List the Intentionality Properties of Consciousness

A

Consciousness is always about something, Conscious attention is limited, What will be perceived will be but a fraction of what is present

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5
Q

What are the Two Levels of Consciousness?

A

Minimal Consciousness, Full Consciousness

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6
Q

Define Minimal Consciousness

A

Low level awareness to sensory stimuli which may/may not elicit a response. (Could happen during sleep)

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7
Q

Define Full Consciousness

A

Awareness + ability to report on your mental state.

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8
Q

What are the Contents of Conscious Thought?

A

1) Immediate environmental stimuli

2) Ongoing concerns (Close relationships, household duties, dating, health, employment)

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9
Q

Define Mind Wandering

A

Brain is engaged in stimulus independent thought. Happens when completing repetitive tasks.

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10
Q

How Often does Mind Wandering Occur in a Day?

A

Half of all daily activities.

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11
Q

What does Skills does Mind Wandering Increase?

A

Creativity + Problem Solving

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12
Q

Define Thought Suppression

A

Actively trying to change conscious contents + free them of consuming thoughts. (Problems we can’t solve)

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13
Q

Is Though Suppression Possible?

A

Difficult/Impossible

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14
Q

Define the Rebound Effect

A

When an individual thinks about something more often b/c they tried to use thought suppression.

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15
Q

Define the Circadian Rhythm

A

Naturally occurring 24 hour sleep/wake cycle.

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16
Q

What Other Body Processes can the Circadian Rhythm affect?

A

Blood pressure, Urine Production, Hormone Secretion

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17
Q

What does a Good Amount of Sleep Depend on?

A

Developmental stage (Age).

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18
Q

What are the Recommended Hours of Sleep for each Developmental Age?

A 
Newborns; 16 hrs
Elementary School Aged Children; 12 hrs
Adolescents; More than adults
Adults; 7 hrs
Older Adults; May need less sleep
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19
Q

How Much Sleep do we Really Need?

A

Whatever amount doesn’t cause sleep deprivation + decreased cognitive performance. (As sleep helps w/ memory consolidation)

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20
Q

What Machine can Measure Consciousness + Brain Activity?

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

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21
Q

What does an EEG Measure?

A

Monitors brain electrical activity

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22
Q

What are the Two Components of a Brain Wave?

A

Amplitude (height) + Frequency (cycles per second)

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23
Q

What can the Frequency in a Brain Wave tell us?

A

Beta; 13-24 cycles per second
Alpha; 8-12 cycles per second
Theta; 4-7 cycles per second
Delta; Less than 4 cycles per second

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24
Q

What Generally Happens to Brain Waves as an Individual Falls into Deeper Stages of Sleep

A

Brain waves decrease in frequency + increase in amplitude

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25
What is Unique about REM Brain Waves?
They resemble wide awake brain waves (Fast, low-amplitude delta waves)
26
What are the Sleep Stages?
Wakefulness > Stage 1/REM Sleep > Stage 2 > Stage 3 > Stage 4/Deep Sleep
27
What Happens to Body while in REM?
Body is nearly paralyzed
28
How Long is a Sleep Cycle
90 minutes
29
What Happens as More Sleep Cycles Occur?
Less time in deep sleep, more time in REM
30
Define REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement. Brain activity is similar to wakefulness + more dreams occur.
31
List the Sleep Disorders
Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, Somnambulism, Narcolepsy, Night Terrors
32
Define Insomnia
Difficulty falling + staying asleep, and persistent early-morning wakening.
33
Statistics on Insomnia
~20-30% adults experience intermittent symptoms | ~10% adults have chronic symptoms
34
What is Insomnia Associated with?
Reduced productivity, absenteeism, anxiety.
35
How is Insomnia Treated?
Treated w/ sedatives, which have risks,
36
Define Sleep Apnea
Frequent reflexive gasping for air, leading to daytime sleepiness
37
Risk Factors, Detection + Statistics of Sleep Apnea
Risk Factors; Middle-age, male, obesity, genetics ~8% of adults ~Difficult to detect
38
How is Sleep Apnea Treated?
Weight loss, medication, sleep masks, surgery
39
Define Somnambulism
Walking around during sleep, typically during slow wave cycles (Earlier in night)
40
Statistics of Somnambulism in Children
~Peaks around age 10 | ~15% of children
41
How does Somnambulism affect people?
People can be dangerous, but it is safe to lead them back to bed
42
Define Narcolepsy
Sudden need for sleep during regular waking activities. Unrelenting sleep/ sleepiness that can last for 30 sec to 30 mins). Can have dream intrusions while awake.
43
What Sleep Stages to those with Narcolepsy Pass Through During an Episode?
Goes from wakefulness to REM
44
What are Risk Factors + Statistics for Narcolepsy?
Risk Factors; Genetics | ~0.5% of population
45
Define Night Terrors + Most Common Population it Affects
Abrupt awakening from non-REM coupled w/ panic or intense fear (More common in children, + small percentage of adults)
46
When do Night Terrors Happen?
Happen early in night during non-REM stages of sleep
47
Words Associated w/ Dreaming?
Intense Emotion, Illogical Thought, Meaningful Sensation, Uncritical Acceptance, Difficulty remembering dreams
48
Dreaming Purpose, + Problems w/ it
Seems to serve a purpose. Deprives people of REM sleep leading to rebound of REM, memory issues, + aggression
49
Define Freud's Dreaming Theory
Dynamic unconscious intentionally creates confusing dreams.
50
List the 4 Ideas from Freud's Theory
1) Represents deep forbidden desires + wishes 2) Manifest Content; Literal interpretation 3) Latent Content; Underlying truth 4) Dreams may represent suppressed thought
51
Define Hobson + Mccarely's (1977) Dreaming Theory
Dreaming is a byproduct of the brain (Activation-Synthesis Model). Try to make sense of random neuronal firing during sleep (Absence of external cues, yet brain still active). The cortex imposes meaning on random info.
52
Define Cartwright's (1977) Dreaming Theory
Dreams provide opportunity to work through problems (problem solving). Continuity between wakeful + dreaming thought.
53
List the 3 types of Drugs that Affect Consciousness
1) Psychoactive drugs; Alter mental processes/ behaviour 2) Agonists; Increase activity of neural transmitters 3) Antagonists; Decrease activity of neural transmitters
54
List Common Neurotransmitters that are Associated w/ Consciousness
Endorphins, Dopamine, GABA
55
How do Drugs Alter Neurotransmitter Functioning?
Block bonding on post-synaptic neurons, Inhibit reuptake on presynaptic neurons, enhance bonding or transmission patterns
56
Does Addiction Occur from 1st Time Use?
No
57
What 3 Factors cause Increased Drug Use?
1) Drug intolerance; Larger doses required to achieve same effect. (Increases overdose risk) 2) Physical Dependence; Withdrawal symptoms result when use discontinued. (Convulsions, vomiting, hallucinations) 3) Psychological Dependence; Desire to use even in the absence of physical withdrawal symptoms
58
Long Term Consequences of Drug Abuse
Individual, personal + professional, social, costly healthcare expenses
59
Different Behavioural Responses to Alcohol
Euphoric state, mental + motor functioning impairments, Expectancy theory (Peoples expectations on how it will affect them)
60
Alcohol's Affects which Neurotransmitter
GABA
61
Alcohol Statistics
``` ~78% people drunk alcohol in last year ~18% low-risk ~21.2% men high-risk ~15.9% women high-risk ~1/2 university students engaged in binge drinking ```
62
Sedatives Desired Effect + Examples
Euphoria state. | Ex. Barbiturates (Sleeping pills), Benozodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
63
Dangers of Sedative Benozodiazepines
Respiratory problems when mixed w/ alcohol, serious withdrawal symptoms.
64
Affects of Stimulants
~Increase levels of dopamine + norepinephrine ~Increase alertness, energy, activity ~Euphoric sensation ~Agitation
65
Dangers of Stimulants
Result in physical + psychological dependence, withdrawal symptoms such as depression + fatigue.
66
Define Hallucinogens + Examples
Drugs that alter sensation + perceptions + are often paired w/ visual +/ auditory hallucinations (Ex. LSD, Mescaline, PCP, Ketamine)
67
Affects of Hallucinogens
Stationary objects seem to move, exaggerated emotions, changing colours, unpredictable, not as addictive
68
Define Cannabis + Affects
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Causes euphoria w/ heightened sensation + perception, slows mental functioning + impaired memory.
69
Any Dangers w/ Cannabis?
No evidence for physical dependence, low to moderate psychological dependence.
70
Define Narcotics (Opiates) + Examples
Drugs derived from opium which relieve pain + are highly addictive. (Ex. Codeine, Demerol, Heroin, Morphine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Carfentanil)
71
Affects of Narcotics
Subjective experience of pleasure + well-being. Causes stupor + lethargy. Mimics brain relaxation response; Releases endogenous endorphins + opioids.
72
Dangers of Narcotics
Results in brains endorphin receptors being artificially consumed, + can result in depression of natural endorphin production.
73
Drugs Commonly Associated w/ Overdose Deaths
Fentanyl, Cocaine, Meth, Heroin
74
What are the General Mortality Rates due to Overdose in BC?
Leading cause of unnatural deaths
75
BC Crisis Drug Overdose Death Statistics
~90% age 19-59 ~80% male ~87% happen indoors ~0% at supervised consumption or drug overdose prevention sites
76
Define Hypnosis
Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility.
77
4 Effects of Hypnosis
1) Can be effective for chronic + acute pain 2) May lead to the experience of visual or auditory hallucinations 3) Can sometimes reduce inhibitions 4) Posthypnotic amnesia
78
5 Hypnosis Misconceptions
1) Relaxation is important 2) Mostly compliance 3) Something to do w/ sleeplike state 4) When hypnotized can remember more accurately 5) People do not remember the session

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

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