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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 6 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Consciousness

A

The awareness of internal + external stimuli

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2
Q

Define the Idea Behind the Mind-Body Problem

A

Perceptions + feelings are associated w/ brain activity

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3
Q

What did Libet say in 1985 About the Mind-Body Problem?

A

Mental states are related to the brain.

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4
Q

List the Intentionality Properties of Consciousness

A

Consciousness is always about something, Conscious attention is limited, What will be perceived will be but a fraction of what is present

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5
Q

What are the Two Levels of Consciousness?

A

Minimal Consciousness, Full Consciousness

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6
Q

Define Minimal Consciousness

A

Low level awareness to sensory stimuli which may/may not elicit a response. (Could happen during sleep)

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7
Q

Define Full Consciousness

A

Awareness + ability to report on your mental state.

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8
Q

What are the Contents of Conscious Thought?

A

1) Immediate environmental stimuli

2) Ongoing concerns (Close relationships, household duties, dating, health, employment)

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9
Q

Define Mind Wandering

A

Brain is engaged in stimulus independent thought. Happens when completing repetitive tasks.

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10
Q

How Often does Mind Wandering Occur in a Day?

A

Half of all daily activities.

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11
Q

What does Skills does Mind Wandering Increase?

A

Creativity + Problem Solving

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12
Q

Define Thought Suppression

A

Actively trying to change conscious contents + free them of consuming thoughts. (Problems we can’t solve)

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13
Q

Is Though Suppression Possible?

A

Difficult/Impossible

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14
Q

Define the Rebound Effect

A

When an individual thinks about something more often b/c they tried to use thought suppression.

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15
Q

Define the Circadian Rhythm

A

Naturally occurring 24 hour sleep/wake cycle.

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16
Q

What Other Body Processes can the Circadian Rhythm affect?

A

Blood pressure, Urine Production, Hormone Secretion

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17
Q

What does a Good Amount of Sleep Depend on?

A

Developmental stage (Age).

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18
Q

What are the Recommended Hours of Sleep for each Developmental Age?

A 
Newborns; 16 hrs
Elementary School Aged Children; 12 hrs
Adolescents; More than adults
Adults; 7 hrs
Older Adults; May need less sleep
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19
Q

How Much Sleep do we Really Need?

A

Whatever amount doesn’t cause sleep deprivation + decreased cognitive performance. (As sleep helps w/ memory consolidation)

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20
Q

What Machine can Measure Consciousness + Brain Activity?

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

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21
Q

What does an EEG Measure?

A

Monitors brain electrical activity

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22
Q

What are the Two Components of a Brain Wave?

A

Amplitude (height) + Frequency (cycles per second)

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23
Q

What can the Frequency in a Brain Wave tell us?

A

Beta; 13-24 cycles per second
Alpha; 8-12 cycles per second
Theta; 4-7 cycles per second
Delta; Less than 4 cycles per second

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24
Q

What Generally Happens to Brain Waves as an Individual Falls into Deeper Stages of Sleep

A

Brain waves decrease in frequency + increase in amplitude

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25
Q

What is Unique about REM Brain Waves?

A

They resemble wide awake brain waves (Fast, low-amplitude delta waves)

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26
Q

What are the Sleep Stages?

A

Wakefulness > Stage 1/REM Sleep > Stage 2 > Stage 3 > Stage 4/Deep Sleep

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27
Q

What Happens to Body while in REM?

A

Body is nearly paralyzed

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28
Q

How Long is a Sleep Cycle

A

90 minutes

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29
Q

What Happens as More Sleep Cycles Occur?

A

Less time in deep sleep, more time in REM

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30
Q

Define REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement. Brain activity is similar to wakefulness + more dreams occur.

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31
Q

List the Sleep Disorders

A

Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, Somnambulism, Narcolepsy, Night Terrors

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32
Q

Define Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling + staying asleep, and persistent early-morning wakening.

33
Q

Statistics on Insomnia

A

~20-30% adults experience intermittent symptoms

~10% adults have chronic symptoms

34
Q

What is Insomnia Associated with?

A

Reduced productivity, absenteeism, anxiety.

35
Q

How is Insomnia Treated?

A

Treated w/ sedatives, which have risks,

36
Q

Define Sleep Apnea

A

Frequent reflexive gasping for air, leading to daytime sleepiness

37
Q

Risk Factors, Detection + Statistics of Sleep Apnea

A

Risk Factors; Middle-age, male, obesity, genetics
~8% of adults
~Difficult to detect

38
Q

How is Sleep Apnea Treated?

A

Weight loss, medication, sleep masks, surgery

39
Q

Define Somnambulism

A

Walking around during sleep, typically during slow wave cycles (Earlier in night)

40
Q

Statistics of Somnambulism in Children

A

~Peaks around age 10

~15% of children

41
Q

How does Somnambulism affect people?

A

People can be dangerous, but it is safe to lead them back to bed

42
Q

Define Narcolepsy

A

Sudden need for sleep during regular waking activities. Unrelenting sleep/ sleepiness that can last for 30 sec to 30 mins). Can have dream intrusions while awake.

43
Q

What Sleep Stages to those with Narcolepsy Pass Through During an Episode?

A

Goes from wakefulness to REM

44
Q

What are Risk Factors + Statistics for Narcolepsy?

A

Risk Factors; Genetics

~0.5% of population

45
Q

Define Night Terrors + Most Common Population it Affects

A

Abrupt awakening from non-REM coupled w/ panic or intense fear (More common in children, + small percentage of adults)

46
Q

When do Night Terrors Happen?

A

Happen early in night during non-REM stages of sleep

47
Q

Words Associated w/ Dreaming?

A

Intense Emotion, Illogical Thought, Meaningful Sensation, Uncritical Acceptance, Difficulty remembering dreams

48
Q

Dreaming Purpose, + Problems w/ it

A

Seems to serve a purpose. Deprives people of REM sleep leading to rebound of REM, memory issues, + aggression

49
Q

Define Freud’s Dreaming Theory

A

Dynamic unconscious intentionally creates confusing dreams.

50
Q

List the 4 Ideas from Freud’s Theory

A

1) Represents deep forbidden desires + wishes
2) Manifest Content; Literal interpretation
3) Latent Content; Underlying truth
4) Dreams may represent suppressed thought

51
Q

Define Hobson + Mccarely’s (1977) Dreaming Theory

A

Dreaming is a byproduct of the brain (Activation-Synthesis Model). Try to make sense of random neuronal firing during sleep (Absence of external cues, yet brain still active). The cortex imposes meaning on random info.

52
Q

Define Cartwright’s (1977) Dreaming Theory

A

Dreams provide opportunity to work through problems (problem solving). Continuity between wakeful + dreaming thought.

53
Q

List the 3 types of Drugs that Affect Consciousness

A

1) Psychoactive drugs; Alter mental processes/ behaviour
2) Agonists; Increase activity of neural transmitters
3) Antagonists; Decrease activity of neural transmitters

54
Q

List Common Neurotransmitters that are Associated w/ Consciousness

A

Endorphins, Dopamine, GABA

55
Q

How do Drugs Alter Neurotransmitter Functioning?

A

Block bonding on post-synaptic neurons, Inhibit reuptake on presynaptic neurons, enhance bonding or transmission patterns

56
Q

Does Addiction Occur from 1st Time Use?

A

No

57
Q

What 3 Factors cause Increased Drug Use?

A

1) Drug intolerance; Larger doses required to achieve same effect. (Increases overdose risk)
2) Physical Dependence; Withdrawal symptoms result when use discontinued. (Convulsions, vomiting, hallucinations)
3) Psychological Dependence; Desire to use even in the absence of physical withdrawal symptoms

58
Q

Long Term Consequences of Drug Abuse

A

Individual, personal + professional, social, costly healthcare expenses

59
Q

Different Behavioural Responses to Alcohol

A

Euphoric state, mental + motor functioning impairments, Expectancy theory (Peoples expectations on how it will affect them)

60
Q

Alcohol’s Affects which Neurotransmitter

A

GABA

61
Q

Alcohol Statistics

A 
~78% people drunk alcohol in last year
~18% low-risk
~21.2% men high-risk
~15.9% women high-risk
~1/2 university students engaged in binge drinking
62
Q

Sedatives Desired Effect + Examples

A

Euphoria state.

Ex. Barbiturates (Sleeping pills), Benozodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)

63
Q

Dangers of Sedative Benozodiazepines

A

Respiratory problems when mixed w/ alcohol, serious withdrawal symptoms.

64
Q

Affects of Stimulants

A

~Increase levels of dopamine + norepinephrine
~Increase alertness, energy, activity
~Euphoric sensation
~Agitation

65
Q

Dangers of Stimulants

A

Result in physical + psychological dependence, withdrawal symptoms such as depression + fatigue.

66
Q

Define Hallucinogens + Examples

A

Drugs that alter sensation + perceptions + are often paired w/ visual +/ auditory hallucinations (Ex. LSD, Mescaline, PCP, Ketamine)

67
Q

Affects of Hallucinogens

A

Stationary objects seem to move, exaggerated emotions, changing colours, unpredictable, not as addictive

68
Q

Define Cannabis + Affects

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Causes euphoria w/ heightened sensation + perception, slows mental functioning + impaired memory.

69
Q

Any Dangers w/ Cannabis?

A

No evidence for physical dependence, low to moderate psychological dependence.

70
Q

Define Narcotics (Opiates) + Examples

A

Drugs derived from opium which relieve pain + are highly addictive. (Ex. Codeine, Demerol, Heroin, Morphine, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Carfentanil)

71
Q

Affects of Narcotics

A

Subjective experience of pleasure + well-being. Causes stupor + lethargy. Mimics brain relaxation response; Releases endogenous endorphins + opioids.

72
Q

Dangers of Narcotics

A

Results in brains endorphin receptors being artificially consumed, + can result in depression of natural endorphin production.

73
Q

Drugs Commonly Associated w/ Overdose Deaths

A

Fentanyl, Cocaine, Meth, Heroin

74
Q

What are the General Mortality Rates due to Overdose in BC?

A

Leading cause of unnatural deaths

75
Q

BC Crisis Drug Overdose Death Statistics

A

~90% age 19-59
~80% male
~87% happen indoors
~0% at supervised consumption or drug overdose prevention sites

76
Q

Define Hypnosis

A

Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility.

77
Q

4 Effects of Hypnosis

A

1) Can be effective for chronic + acute pain
2) May lead to the experience of visual or auditory hallucinations
3) Can sometimes reduce inhibitions
4) Posthypnotic amnesia

78
Q

5 Hypnosis Misconceptions

A

1) Relaxation is important
2) Mostly compliance
3) Something to do w/ sleeplike state
4) When hypnotized can remember more accurately
5) People do not remember the session

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

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