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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 6 + 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 + 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Learning

A

The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, responses from experience, that results in a relatively permanent change in the learner

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2
Q

Who founded + influenced behaviourism?

A

John Watson + Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

Define Behaviourism

A

Observe what humans do rather than what they experience.

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4
Q

Why was Behaviourism Created?

A

Personal experience too subjective for scientific observation. Introspection not a reliable scientific method.

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5
Q

Describe the stimuli + responses before conditioning (Process of Classical Conditioning)

A

The unconditioned stimulus (Food) elicits the unconditioned response (Salivation) , but the neutral stimulus (Bell) does not.

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6
Q

Describe the stimuli + responses during conditioning (Process of Classical Conditioning)

A

The neutral stimulus (Bell) is paired w/ the unconditioned stimulus (Food).

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7
Q

Describe the stimuli + responses after conditioning (Process of Classical Conditioning)

A

The neutral stimulus alone elicits the response; the neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus (Bell), + the response to it is a conditioned response (Salivation).

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8
Q

Summary of Classical Conditioning

A

An original neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response that it did not previously elicit .

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9
Q

What experiment did Pavlov lead to research classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov’s Dog

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10
Q

Define Acquisition

A

Phase of classical conditioning when the CS + US are presented together. Gradual increase in learning, slow at first, rises rapidly, then slowly tapers off.

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11
Q

Define Second-Order-Conditioning (Higher-Order)

A

Conditioning where a conditioned response is paired w/ a stimulus that became associated w/ the unconditioned stimulus in an earlier procedure.

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12
Q

Define Extinction

A

Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented w/o the the unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

Define Spontaneous Recovery

A

The tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period.

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14
Q

Define Generalization

A

The controlled response is observed even though the controlled stimulus is slightly different than the controlled stimulus used during acquisition.

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15
Q

Define Discrimination

A

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.

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16
Q

List the Processes in Classical Conditioning

A

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Stimulus Generalization, Discrimination, Higher-Order Conditioning

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17
Q

Define Operant Conditioning

A

Type of learning in which consequences of an organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future. (Involves voluntary behaviour)

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18
Q

Who played a role in Operant Conditioning?

A

Thorndike + Skinner

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19
Q

Focus of Thorndike’s experiments?

A

Instrumental behaviours. Requires an organism to do something.

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20
Q

Define the Law of Effect

A

Behaviours followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated. Those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated.

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21
Q

Define Operant Behaviour

A

Behaviour produced by an organism that has impact on the environment.

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22
Q

Define Reinforcer (Operant Behaviour)

A

Stimulus or event that increases the behaviour that led to it.

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23
Q

Define Punisher (Operant Behaviour)

A

Stimulus or event that decreases the behaviour that led to it.

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24
Q

Define Shaping (Operant Behaviour)

A

Reinforcers guide behaviour closer towards the desired behaviour

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25
Q

The Role of Reinforcement + Punishment?

A

Punishment/Reinforcer depends on whether it increases/decreases the likelihood of behaviour.

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26
Q

Another factor of Operant Conditioning?

A

Whether something is presented (positive) or removed (negative).

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27
Q

Positive vs Negative Reinforcement/Punisher

A

Positive means something is added (a toy as a reward/spanking). Negative means something is removed (remove restrictions/ toys are taken away).

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28
Q

Is punishment or reinforcement better + why?

A

Reinforcement b/c the desired/expected behaviour is clear.

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29
Q

Define Primary Reinforcers

A

Serve biological needs

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30
Q

Define Secondary Reinforcers

A

Begin neutral + through classical conditioning are associated w/ primary reinforcers

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31
Q

Operant Conditioning Extinction + Resistance to Extinction

A

Typically reinforcements occur only when the proper response has been made. Yet not all behaviours weaken + become extinct, some become stronger.

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32
Q

What 2 factors does Operant Conditioning Depend on

A

Frequency + Timing (Skinner discovered that rats would push lever even if food wasn’t released every time)

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33
Q

4 Types of Schedules

A

Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio.

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34
Q

Define Fixed Interval Schedule

A

Reinforcers are presented at fixed intervals. (Every 2 mins, burst of responding)

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35
Q

Define Variable Interval Schedule

A

Reinforcements presented based on average time since last reinforcement. (2 mins on average, more consistent responding)

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36
Q

Define Fixed Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcers presented after specific number of responses (After every 10th coffee, get one free)

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37
Q

Define Variable Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcements presented based on average number of responses. (1/100 of every pulls on slot machine is a winner)

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38
Q

Properties to be Adaptive (Classical Conditioning)

A

1) Rapid learning in 1-2 trials
2) Pairing can take place w/ long intervals
3) Learned aversions should occur more often w/ new than familiar substances

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39
Q

Define Biological Preparedness

A

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others. Conditioning works best w/ stimuli that are biologically relevant to the organism.

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40
Q

List 2 cognitive elements of operant conditioning

A

Latent Learning + Cognitive Maps

41
Q

Define Latent Learning (Cognitive Element of Operant Conditioning)

A

Something can be learned but does not manifest to behaviour until sometime in the future.

42
Q

Define Cognitive Maps (Cognitive Element of Operant Conditioning)

A

Mental representation of physical features of the environment.

43
Q

Define Observational Learning

A

Learning takes place by watching the actions of others. (Challenges behaviourists reinforcement-based explanations of learning)

44
Q

What is proposed reason for Observational Learning?

A

Mirror Neurons; Frontal + parietal lobes

45
Q

Define Motives

A

Needs, wants, desires leading to goal directed behaviour

46
Q

Define Drive Theories

A

Seeking homeostasis

47
Q

Define Incentive Theories

A

Regulation by external stimuli

48
Q

Define Evolutionary Theories

A

Maximizing reproductive success

49
Q

List the 3 motivational biological factors of hunger + eating

A

Brain regulation, glucose + digestive revolution, hormonal regulation.

50
Q

Define Brain Regulation as a biological factor of hunger + eating

A

Lateral + ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus

51
Q

Define Glucose + Digestive Revolution as a biological factor of hunger + eating

A

Glucostatic theory; glucose monitored in the brain by glucostats + neurons are sensitive to glucose

52
Q

Define Hormonal Regulation as a biological factor of hunger + eating

A

Insulin (High levels increase hunger) + leptin (high levels decrease hunger)

53
Q

List the 3 Environmental Factor Categories in the Regulation of Hunger

A

Learned preferences + habits (exposure, when + what), food-related cues (appearance, odour, effort required) , stress (link between heightened arousal/negative emotion + overeating)

54
Q

The 5 Roots of Obesity

A

Evolutionary Explanations, Genetic Predisposition, Concept of Set Point/Settling Point, Dietary Restraint, Eating Disorders

55
Q

Different Motivations for Food

A

Evolved to avoid starvation (attracted to calorie rich foods), food high in sat fat is widely available, gain weight (increase size + # fat cells), lose weight (decrease size of fat cells), dieting results in decreased metabolism (each round results in more efficient fat conversion)

56
Q

Do genetics or environmental factors play a bigger role in obesity?

A

Genetics (Twin studies)

57
Q

List different sexual motivations + behaviours

A

Hormonal regulation (Estrogen, testosterone, androgens) , evolutionary factors, parental investment theory, gender differences in sexual activity, gender differences in mate preferences

58
Q

Do men or women report reaching orgasm more

A

Men

59
Q

Biological reality in Females vs Males (Parental Investment Theory)

A

Male; Reproduction involves minimal investment of time, energy, risk
Female; Reproduction involves substantial investment of time, energy, risk

60
Q

Evolutionary Reality in Females vs Males (Parental Investment Theory)

A

Male; Maximize reproductive success by seeking more sexual partners w/ high reproductive potential
Female; Maximize reproductive success by seeking partners willing to invest material resources in your offspring

61
Q

Behavioural Outcomes in Females vs Males (Parental Investment Theory)

A

Male; More interest in uncommitted sex, greater # of sex partners, look for youthfulness + attractiveness in partners
Female; Less interest in uncommitted sex, smaller # of sexual partners, look for income + status + ambition in partners

62
Q

List the three parts of the Parental Investment Theory

A

Biological reality, evolutionary reality, behavioural outcomes

63
Q

What is the Parental Investment Theory

A

Basic differences between males + females in parental investment have greater adaptive significance + lead to gender differences in mating propensities + preferences

64
Q

Do males or females place more emphasis on attractiveness of mate?

A

Males

65
Q

What defines sexual orientation?

A

A continuum between heterosexual > bisexual > homosexual

66
Q

What is the theory that explains homosexuality

A

Biological

67
Q

Do genetic or environmental factors play a bigger role in sexual orientation?

A

Genetic

68
Q

The 3 parts of the Affiliation Motive

A

Affiliation, ostracism, fear of rejection

69
Q

Define the motive of achievement

A

The need to excel

70
Q

List the parts of the achievement motive

A

Work harder + more persistently, delay gratification, pursue competitive careers, situational determinants on achievement behaviour

71
Q

What two parts play a role in determinants of achievement behaviour?

A

Stable aspects of personality + situational determinants of achievement behaviour

72
Q

List parts of Stable aspects of personality (determinants of achievement behaviour)

A

Need for achievement (strength of motivation to achieve success), fear of failure (strength of motivation to avoid failure

73
Q

List situational determinants of achievement behaviour (determinants of achievement behaviour)

A

Perceived probability of success, perceived probability of failure, incentive value of success, incentive value of failure

74
Q

List the different components of Emotional Experience

A

Cognitive, Physiological, Behavioural, Culture + the elements of emotion

75
Q

Describe the cognitive component (Emotional Experience)

A

Subjective conscious experience, positive psychology

76
Q

Describe the physiological component (Emotional Experience)

A

Bodily (Autonomic) arousal, affective neuroscience

77
Q

Describe the behavioural component (Emotional Experience)

A

Nonverbal expressiveness

78
Q

What are emotions frequently paired with?

A

Sympathetic ANS activation (leads to goose bumps, sweat)

79
Q

2 Types of Autonomic Nervous System + what are their function

A

Parasympathetic; Conserves bodies resoureces

Sympathetic; Mobilizes body resources in response to stress

80
Q

What is James-Lange’s Theory of Emotion

A

Feel afraid b/c pulse is racing (Stimulus > ANS > Conscious feeling)

81
Q

What is Cannon-Bard’s Theory of Emotion

A

Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex + the autonomic nervous system (Stimulus > Subcortical Brain Activity > Conscious Feeling + ANS)

82
Q

What is Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Look to external cues to decide what to feel. (Stimulus > ANS > Appraisal > Conscious Feeling)

83
Q

What are the Evolutionary Theories of Emotion

A

Innate reactions w/ little cognitive interpretation (Stimulus > Conscious Feeling > ANS)

84
Q

How is fear processed in the brain? (Fast pathway)

A

Sensory input > Thalamus > Fast Pathway > Amygdala > ANS + Hormonal Reponses

85
Q

How is fear processed in the brain? (Slow pathway)

A

Sensory Input > Thalamus > Visual Cortex

86
Q

What is the Universality Hypothesis

A

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone. Necessary for communication within + across species.

87
Q

Who created the Universality Hypothesis?

A

Darwin

88
Q

What are some ideas that support the Universality Hypothesis?

A

~People w/ congenital blindness smile when happy
~2-day old babies make facial expression of disgust
~Preliterate cultures recognize western concepts of emotion

89
Q

What are some ideas against the Universality Hypothesis

A

Members of Himba were asked to match faces feeling the same way, and produced matches dissimilar to American counterparts (Difficulty distinguishing between fear + surprise

90
Q

Name the 6 primary emotions

A

Anger, Disgust, Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Surprise

91
Q

Name the 5 Secondary (Learned) Emotions

A

Embarrassment, amusement, guilt, shame, pride

92
Q

Name the 3 Evolutionary Theorists of Primary Emotions

A

Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, Robert Plutchik

93
Q

List Tomkins primary emotions list

A

Fear, Anger, Enjoyment, Disgust, Interest, Surprise, Contempt, Shame, Distress

94
Q

List Izard’s primary emotions list

A

Fear, Anger, Enjoyment, Disgust, Interest, Surprise, Contempt, Shame, Sadness, Guilt

95
Q

List Plutchik’s primary emotions list

A

Fear, Anger, Enjoyment, Disgust, Interest, Surprise, Sadness, Acceptance

96
Q

Which factors have a low correlation with happiness

A

Income, Age, Parenthood, Intelligence, Attractiveness,

97
Q

Which factors have a modest correlation w/ happiness

A

Physical Health, Good Social Relationships. Religious Faith, Culture

98
Q

Which factors have a high correlation w/ happiness

A

Love, Marriage, Work Satisfaction

PSYCH 100 (3 decks)

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