Chapter 7: Memory

Question 1

Retention of information over time

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Our memories are surprisingly good in some situations and surprisingly bad in other situations

Answer 2

Paradox of memory

Question 3

False but subjectively compelling memory

Answer 3

Memory illusion

Question 4

Brief storage of perceptual memory before it is passed to short-term memory

Answer 4

Sensory memory

Question 5

Visual sensory memory

Answer 5

Iconic memory

Question 6

Memory system that retains information for limited durations

Answer 6

short-term memory

Question 7

Fading of information from memory over time

Answer 7

Decay

Question 8

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information

Answer 8

Interference

Question 9

Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information

Answer 9

Retroactive interference

Question 10

Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information

Answer 10

Proactive interference

Question 11

The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller, seven plus or minus two

Answer 11

Magic Number

Question 12

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory

Answer 12

Chunking

Question 13

Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory

Answer 13

Rehearsal

Question 14

Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory

Answer 14

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 15

Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short term memory

Answer 15

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 16

Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it

Answer 16

Levels of processing

Question 17

Relatively enduring retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, or skills

Answer 17

Long-term memory

Question 18

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

Answer 18

Permastore

Question 19

The tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Answer 19

Primacy effect

Question 20

The tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Answer 20

Recency effect

Question 21

Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list

Answer 21

Serial position curve

Question 22

Our knowledge of facts about the world

Answer 22

Semantic memory

Question 23

Recollection of events in our lives

Answer 23

Episodic memory

Question 24

Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

Answer 24

Explicit memory

Question 25

Memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Answer 25

Implicit memory

Question 26

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

Answer 26

Procedural memory

Question 27

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

Answer 27

Priming

Question 28

The process of getting information into our memory banks

Answer 28

Encoding

Question 29

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

Answer 29

Mnemonic

Question 30

Process of keeping information in memory

Answer 30

Storage

Question 31

Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory

Answer 31

Schema

Question 32

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

Answer 32

Retrieval

Question 33

Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information

Answer 33

Retrieval cue

Question 34

Generating previously remembered information

Answer 34

Recall

Question 35

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Answer 35

Recognition

Question 36

Reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten over time

Answer 36

Relearning (Ebbinghaus)

Question 37

Studying information in small increments over time versus in large increments over a brief amount of time

Answer 37

Distributed versus massed practice (Ebbinghaus)

Question 38

Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Answer 38

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

Question 39

Phenomenon of remembering something bettie when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

Answer 39

Encoding specificity

Question 40

Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matched the retrieval context

Answer 40

Context-dependent learning

Question 41

Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding

Answer 41

State-dependent learning

Question 42

Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

Answer 42

Long-term potentiation

Question 43

Loss of memories from our past

Answer 43

Retrograde amnesia

Question 44

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Answer 44

Anterograde amnesia

Question 45

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Answer 45

Meta-memory

Question 46

Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an earlier age

Answer 46

Infantile amnesia

Question 47

Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

Answer 47

Flashbulb memory

Question 48

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Answer 48

Source monitoring confusion

Question 49

Failure to realize that our ideas originated with someone else

Answer 49

Cryptomnesia

Question 50

Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may not have taken place

Answer 50

Suggestive memory technique

Question 51

Providing people with misleading information after an event can lead to fictitious memories

Answer 51

Misinformation effect