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PSYC105 > Chapter 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

A collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

Stores

A

retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

3 stores: STM, LTM, and sensory memory

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3
Q

Control processes

A

shift information from one memory store to another

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4
Q

Long Term Memory (LTM)

A

hold info for extended periods of time - if not permanently

has no known capacity limitations (unlike STM)

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5
Q

Theories on organization of info in LTM

A

1 - semantic categories
2 - sounds of the word & how it looks

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6
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

when you are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can’t quite retrieve the word you actually want -> nearby items/nodes in neural network are activated

relates to sound of word/how it looks way of organization LTM

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7
Q

retrieval

A

the process of accessing memorized information and returning it to short-term memory

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8
Q

serial position effect

A

in general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle

Ebbinghaus

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9
Q

Primacy effect

A

The fact that the first few items of a list remembered relatively easily

In serial position effect

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10
Q

Recency effect

A

Fact that the last few items of a list are also remembered well

Serial position effect

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11
Q

proactive interference

A

a process in which the first information learned (e.g. in a list of words) occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

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12
Q

retroactive interference

A

the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long-term memory

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13
Q

Talmi FMRI expirement on brain regions responsible for diff forms of memory

A
  • Hippocampus (formation of LTM) active for info early in the Serial Position Curve
  • Brain areas associated with sensory information more active for items at the end of the serial position curve

Hypothesis: 2 different neural systems that work simultaneously to produce serial position curve

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14
Q

Working memory

A

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

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15
Q

central executive

A

control centre: decides which of the working-memory stores is most important at any given moment

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16
Q

phonological loop

A

a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds, or an auditory code

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17
Q

word-length effect

A

shows that people remember more one-syllable words in a short-term memory task

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18
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

a storage of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

chunking: feature binding: combining visual features into single unit

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19
Q

episodic buffer

A

a storage component of working memory that combines images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

Seems to hold 10 pieces of info

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20
Q

central executive

A

control centre of the working memory; coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage components

eg. seeing an alphabet - phonological, but if unfamiliar sounds, visosp.

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21
Q

declarative (explicit) memories

A

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, incl. facts ab/ the world and our own personal experiences

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22
Q

nondeclarative (implicit) memories

A

incl. actions and behaviours that you can remember and perform w/o awareness

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23
Q

episodic memories

A

declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around “episodes” and are recalled from a first-person perspective

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24
Q

semantic memories

A

declarative memories that include facts about the world

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25
Q

procedural memory

A

learned patterns of muscle movements (motor memory)

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26
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

demonstrates that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals

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27
Q

consolidation

A

the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

use it or lose it
hippocampus contributes to future memory consolidation

28
Q

amnesia

A

a profound loss of at least one form of memory

29
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to form new memories of events occuring after a brain injury

30
Q

storage

A

refers to the time & manner in/wh info. is retained between encoding and retrieval

stored memories can be updated regularly (e.g. reminded of a past event)

31
Q

reconsolidaition

A

in/wh the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories

32
Q

cross-cortical storage

A

Long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain (rather than being localized in one region)

33
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

condition in/wh memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost

34
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

35
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

36
Q

LOP (levels of processing) framework

A

Understanding that our ability to recall information is most directly related to how that information was initially processed

37
Q

shallow processing

LOP framework

A

involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound or spelling of a word

38
Q

deep processing

A

encoding information about an item’s meaning or its function

39
Q

self-reference effect

A

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates/how useful it is to you -> will lead to better remembering

40
Q

recognition

A

involves IDing a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you

eg multiple choice Qs

41
Q

recall

A

retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present during the retrieval process

eg short answer Qs

42
Q

encoding specificity principle

Tulvig & Thompson 1973

A

states that retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same

43
Q

context-dependent memory

A

idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding

shows that elements of setting can serve as retrieval cues

44
Q

state-dependent memory

A

retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

eg. annebriated guy

45
Q

mood-dependent memory

A

people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

46
Q

weapon focus

A

the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information, including the identity of the person holding the weapon

focus on emotional content of a scene: forms the centre field of vision

47
Q

bio. on emotional memories

A

amgdala –> alters activity of temporal-lobe areas that send input to the hippocampus

48
Q

flashbulb memory

A

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an events and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

recollections of location, what was happening around, emotional reaction

not neccisarily more accurate than regular memories

49
Q

the forgetting curve

A

most forgetting occurs right away and that rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all

50
Q

mnemonic

A

a technique intended to improve memory for specific information

51
Q

method of loci

A

menomic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

52
Q

acronyms

A

pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items

ROY G BIV

53
Q

first-letter technique

A

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge

54
Q

Dual coding

A

occurs when information is stored in more than one form

eg sight and sound -> advantage: twice as much info is stored

55
Q

desirable difficulties

A

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering

56
Q

testing effect

A

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying

57
Q

schema

A

organized cluster of memories that constitute a person’s knowledge or beliefs about events, objects, and ideas

familiar e/o: schemas affect our expectations, what we notice & remember

eg paragraph ab/ doing laundry: with context, it is easier to remember (activated laundry schema)

however, schemas can also cause us to fill in memory gaps with info that is not entirely accurate

products of culture & experience

58
Q

constructive memory

A

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

when memory fails, we often mistakenly recall events acc. to our schemas

59
Q

infantile amnesia

A

phenomenon that you do not have any personal or autobiographical memories from before your third birthday

60
Q

false memory

A

remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event

61
Q

misinformation effect

A

when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event

62
Q

imagination inflation

A

the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event

63
Q

guided imagery

A

a technique used by some clinicians (& police investigators) to help people recover details of events that they are unable to remember

64
Q

DRM procedure

Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm

A

participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates –> word that would be most obvious (critical lure) is missing from the list

when participants remember critical lure, it is called an intrusion -> false memory sneaking into an existing memory

65
Q

recovered memory

A

memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time

66
Q

recovered memory controversy

A

a heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories

PSYC105 (4 decks)

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