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PSYC105 > Chapter 5 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem

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2
Q

brain death

A

a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brainstem, no longer functions

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3
Q

chronotype

A

a tendency to prefer sleeping earlier or later in a given 24-hour period

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4
Q

circadian rhythms

A

internally driven daily cycles of approx. 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes

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5
Q

coma

A

a state marked by complete loss of consciousness

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6
Q

consciousness

A

a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

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7
Q

default mode network

A

network of brain regions incl:
* medial prefrontal cortex
* posterior cingulate gyrus
* medial and lateral regions of the parietal lobe
that is most active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli

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8
Q

dissociation theory

A

explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts:
* lower-level system involved w/ perception & movement
* executive system that evaluates & monitors these behaviours

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9
Q

ecstasy

A

(MDMA) a drug that is typically classified as a stimulant, but also has hallucinogenic effects

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10
Q

endogenous rhythms

A

biological rhythms generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

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11
Q

entrainment

A

when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature, or even a clock

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12
Q

hallucinogenic drugs

A

substances that produce *perceptual distortions

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13
Q

hypnosis

A

a procedure of inducing a heightened *state of suggestibility

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14
Q

insomnia

A

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

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15
Q

jet lag

A

the discomfort a person feels when **sleep cycles are out of sync with light & darkness

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16
Q

latent content

A

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on supressed sexual or aggressive urges

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17
Q

locked-in syndrome

A

a disorder in which the patient is aware an awake but, because of an inability to move his or her body, appears unconscious

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18
Q

lysergic acid diethylamide

A

(LSD) a laboratory-made (synthetic) drug that triggers unusual sensory experiences

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19
Q

manifest content

A

the images and storylines that we dream about

20
Q

marijuana

A

a drug comprising the leaves and buds of the Cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing (narcotic) effects

21
Q

mind-wandering

A

an inuntentional redirection of attention from one’s current task to an *unrelated train of thought

22
Q

minimally conscious state

A

(MCS) a disordered state of consciouness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconscistent basis

23
Q

narcolepsy

A

a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

24
Q

nightmares

A

particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

25
Q

night terrors

A

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

26
Q

opiates

A

(aka narcotics) drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremenly intense feelings of euphoria

27
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patient’s eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep-wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness

28
Q

physical dependence

A

the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

29
Q

polysomnography

A

a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

30
Q

preserve and protect hypothesis

A

suggests that two adaptive functions of sleep are
* preserving energy and
* protecting the organism from harm

31
Q

problem-solving theory

A

the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

32
Q

psychedelics

A

substances that produce perceptual distortions

33
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

substances that affect *thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion

34
Q

psychological dependence

A

occurs when emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence

35
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

a condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out the content of their dreams

36
Q

REM sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements (REM)

37
Q

restore and repair hypothesis

A

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the day’s activities

38
Q

salvia divinorum

A

an herb that grows in Central and South America. When smoked or chewed, salvia induces *highly intense but short-lived hallucinations

39
Q

sedative drugs

A

sometimes referred to as “downers,” depress activity of the CNS (central nervous system)

40
Q

sleep apnea

A

a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep

41
Q

sleep deprivation

A

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

42
Q

sleep displacement

A

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although he or she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

43
Q

social-cognitive theory

A

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectation contribute to increased suggestibility

44
Q

somnambulism

A

(aka sleepwalking) a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

45
Q

stimulants

A

a category of drugs that that speed up the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

46
Q

tolerance

A

when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect

PSYC105 (4 decks)

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