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Political Science 101-(Spring 2023 CSN) We The People 13th Edition > Chapter 7 Media > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Media Flashcards

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1
Q

print and digital forms of communication—including television, newspapers, radio, the internet, and social media sites—that convey information to large audiences

A

media

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2
Q

reporting that involves being as accurate, fair, and balanced as possible, relying on original sources, being transparent about citing sources, and presenting multiple viewpoints

A

principled journalism

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3
Q

a form of reporting in which the media adopt a skeptical or hostile posture toward the government and public officials

A

adversarial journalism

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4
Q

news reporting and political commentary by ordinary citizens and bystanders, advocacy groups, and eyewitnesses to crises, often using cell phone images or video and distributed via social media

A

citizen journalism

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5
Q

political blogs and talk shows where the writer or host provides highly opinionated personal commentary, usually through conversations with guests; these formats blur the boundaries between objective journalism and subjective reporting

A

opinion-driven journalism

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6
Q

the publishing or broadcasting of information or opinion as quickly as possible, with minimal fact-checking

A

journalism of assertion

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7
Q

the putting forth of opinion and information that is consistent with the consumer’s preexisting beliefs

A

journalism of affirmation

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8
Q

giant, often global, corporations that control a wide array of media, including television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book and newspaper publishers, and digital media outlets

A

media of monopolies

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9
Q

the media’s designation of some issues, events, or people as important and others not

A

agenda setting

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10
Q

the process of presenting information from a certain perspective in order to shape the audience’s understanding of that information

A

framing

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11
Q

the process of calling attention to some issues, and not others, when reporting on political events and officials

A

priming

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12
Q

organizations that adhere to the principles of journalism by doing original, balanced, factual reporting; using unpaid, credible sources; conducting interviews ethically; and avoiding personal bias by editors or reporters

A

mainstream news organizations

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13
Q

news organizations that mix opinion-driven journalism with factual reporting in order to appeal to consumers who are ideologically liberal or conservative; often characterized by ideological agenda setting, priming, and framing

A

partisan media

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14
Q

communication methods such as television and radio; they tend to take the form of one publisher (e.g., a television station) to many (viewers)

A

broadcast media

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15
Q

digital sites that are owned and managed by newspapers, follow the principles of journalism, and deliver content like that of print newspapers, with similar story layout for all users regardless of location, demographic characteristics, partisanship, or friend networks

A

news websites

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16
Q

-websites that pull together news from a wide range of online sources and make them available on one platform or page
-can be a way to avoid partisan or filtered news, providing a broad overview of the news of the day from many sources

A

news aggregators

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17
Q

software programs that analyze the viewing, liking, and commenting data of all of a platform’s users, as well as individual users’ prior data, to present users with additional content tailored to their individual interests instead of ordering posts based on the most recently published (as broadcast media do)

A

algorithms

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18
Q

the tendency to favor information that confirms a person’s existing beliefs; it involves discounting evidence that could disprove or challenge those beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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19
Q

partisan media environments in which users are exposed primarily to opinions and information that conform to their existing beliefs; constructed by algorithms that analyze and then personalize each user’s online experience

A

filter bubbles

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20
Q

closed communication systems in which individual beliefs are amplified or reinforced by repetition; they may increase social and political polarization because users do not encounter opposing views

A

media echo chambers

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21
Q

false, inaccurate, or misleading information in the media, especially social media; often targeting political candidates and leaders, misinformation can include manipulated or fabricated content, satire, and parody content to the public via airwaves on electromagnetic frequencies

A

misinformation

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22
Q

the requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public

A

equal time rule

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23
Q

a Federal Communications Commission regulation giving individuals the right to respond to personal attacks made on a radio or television broadcast

A

right of rebuttal

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24
Q

What functions do the media serve in a democracy?

A

-inform the public about current political issues
-provide a forum for politicians to debate policies
-monitor the government and politicians for wrongdoing

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25
Q

One way the news media affect the public is through ——–, which is the power of the media to influence how events or issues are interpreted and understood. Another way the news media can shape politics is through ——-, which occurs when an issue or other criteria becomes important in evaluating political candidates as a result of news coverage.

A

One way the news media affect the public is through framing, which is the power of the media to influence how events or issues are interpreted and understood. Another way the news media can shape politics is through priming, which occurs when an issue or other criteria becomes important in evaluating political candidates as a result of news coverage.

26
Q

True or False;
With the exception of one or two news stations, there is not much credible evidence that any particular mainstream news source is explicitly biased in one direction or the other in terms of its news coverage.

A

True

27
Q

The media’s commercial bias is often to focus on crimes or scandals and ignore important—but sometimes considered boring—policies.

A

a senator being investigated for bribery will most likely be reported by the media

28
Q

Over the course of the coronavirus pandemic, the media have written many stories about President Biden’s efforts to contain the spread of COVID by issuing vaccine mandates of federal employees and contractors and some stories on the economic relief package passed. What two means of media influence was this an example of?

A

agenda setting & priming

29
Q

True or False;
In the past 20 years, as the number of media sources have increased, political knowledge among Americans has also dramatically increased, illustrating the vital role of the mass media in democracy.

A

False

30
Q

How has the media landscape changed as the FCC’s regulatory powers changed in the past several decades?

A

Restrictions on media ownership have been relaxed.

31
Q

If a radio station airs a conservative commentator’s critique of a liberal author and does not allow the author an opportunity to appear on air, what regulation could it have violated?

A

the right of rebuttal

32
Q

Despite the appearance of substantial diversity in media outlets, some have noted that there has been a growth in media monopolies. About what percent of the daily print newspapers in the United States are owned by large media conglomerates such as the Hearst Communications, McClatchy, and Gannett corporations?

A

75%

33
Q

What are consequences of the current increase in media monopolies?

A

-A smaller number of companies control the media’s agenda-setting power.
-Individuals expressing less popular viewpoints may find it difficult to get media exposure.

34
Q

-The majority of Americans report that they get their news at least sometimes from a news aggregator, like Google News.
-In 2020, for the first time ever, newspapers made more money from circulation than from ad revenue, as paywalls become the norm for reading digital newspapers.
-Today, around 86 percent of Americans get their news digitally.

A

Delivery of News Today

35
Q

True or False;
Republicans and Democrats generally agree on which news networks they consider the mainstream media.

A

True

36
Q

When politicians fight over calling a bill “health care reform” or “health care rationing,” what are they trying to shape?

A

how the media frames the bill

37
Q

For much of the first half of the twentieth century, presidents and journalists had a fairly close relationship. This changed with the ——– when journalists became more adversarial with government officials.

A

For much of the first half of the twentieth century, presidents and journalists had a fairly close relationship. This changed with the Vietnam War when journalists became more adversarial with government officials.

38
Q

When the media chooses not to report on a particular idea or story, which form of influence are they exercising?

A

agenda setting

39
Q

True or False;
In 2021, more Americans believed that news organizations were declining in influence compared to the year before.

A

False

40
Q

What behaviors are highly politically aware individuals more likely to do than less politically aware individuals in response to the issue of made-up news and information?

A

-change the way they use social media
-check facts of a news story themselves
-report or flag a story they think is made up

41
Q

What media forms is the Federal Communications Commission able to regulate content on?

A

AM radio, FM radio, television stations

42
Q

Shows that publish or broadcast information and opinion as quickly as possible without much concern for vetting the information beforehand are referred to as engaging in journalism of ——–, while those putting forth opinion and information consistent with consumers’ preexisting beliefs are referred to as engaging in journalism of ——.

A

journalism of assertion

43
Q

True or False;
Eighty-five percent of Americans believe that the tone and nature of political debate in the United States has become more negative in recent years.

A

True

44
Q

Top source of news

A

Television

45
Q

Politicians generally consider —– broadcast news a friendlier venue than —– news.

A

Politicians generally consider local broadcast news a friendlier venue than national news.
* National reporters are often inclined to criticize and question.
* Local reporters are more likely to accept the pronouncements of national leaders at face value.
* Local TV continues to be a major source of news.

46
Q

tabloid style newspaper that became inexpensive due to the steam- powered printing press

A

Penny press

47
Q

gap in access to the internet among demographic groups

A

digital divide

48
Q

-Readers post comments online, upload video, and participate in politics and culture online.

  • Ability to participate in society and politics online
  • Disparities in internet access according to age, race and ethnicity, and
    income
A

Digital citizenship

49
Q

Potential negative effects on knowledge and tolerance

A
  • “Filter bubble” or “self-selection bias,” whereby individuals select news that conforms to personal beliefs, which only reinforces biases
    *
    Exposure to highly partisan news or news on social media may lead to lower political knowledge.
50
Q

Three ways media influence public opinion:

A
  • Agenda setting and selection bias: direct attention to specific topics
  • Framing: influences how events are interpreted
  • Priming: shapes how the audience evaluates leaders, events, or issues
51
Q

First source of media power is agenda setting.

A
  • Involves identifying issues politicians will notice
  • Brings public attention to particular issues
  • Groups that want their issues addressed try to get media attention to set the news agenda
  • Plays a critical role in whether elected officials act on a policy issue
52
Q

-It is a process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating politicians or issues
- It shapes how the public evaluates leaders
- It determines who will get media attention, who will be taken seriously, and who will be viable candidates

A

Priming

53
Q

Media leaks can come from

A
  • Whistleblowers
  • Lower-level officials
  • may want to publicize what they view as their bosses’ or the government’s improper activities
  • Most common source: senior government officials, prominent politicians, and political activists
54
Q

The Vietnam War led to ——- journalism

A

he Vietnam War led to adversarial journalism

55
Q

The media is in _____ when it brings a topic to the headlines with the intent of it causing an emotional reaction; the media is in _____ when it is reporting on particular issues in depth.

A

alarm mode; patrol mode

56
Q

When covering the coronavirus pandemic, a news organization may choose to emphasize how this public health crisis disproportionately affected the African American and Latino communities. This would be an example of the media’s ability to __________ the issue as one involving racial disparities in health outcomes.

A

frame

57
Q

During the 2020 election, the coronavirus dominated news coverage at the expense of other issues like climate change or the widening gap between wealthy and poor Americans. This is an example of the media’s power of

A

priming

58
Q

What effect does journalism of affirmation have on viewers?

A

Journalism of affirmation exposes viewers to news that is consistent with their own preexisting beliefs and can reinforce partisan polarization.

59
Q

When the media presents information from a certain perspective in order to shape the audience’s understanding of that information, it best describes the process of

A

framing

60
Q

What is a drawback of citizen journalism?

A

Since it is not professionally edited, it can suffer from distortion and sometimes false information can unintentionally be posted.

61
Q

The Ben Shapiro Show and Hannity are examples of

A

journalism of assertion

62
Q

Public broadcasting refers to any television, radio, and digital media that

A

receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.

Political Science 101-(Spring 2023 CSN) We The People 13th Edition (8 decks)

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