Chapter 6

Question 1

The collective attitudes or opinions that people have about policy issues, political events, and elected officials

Answer 1

public opinion

Question 2

Basic political values held by most Americans -Principles of democracy

Answer 2

Liberty (freedom), justice (fairness or equal treatment), and equality of opportunity

Question 3

A set of beliefs and values that form a general framework about government

Answer 3

political ideology

Question 4

View about particular issues, persons, or events

Answer 4

Attitudes (or opinions)

Question 5

Difference of opinion are often associated with

Answer 5

partisanship, social and demographic (race, ethnicity, gender, income, education, age, religion, and region.)

Question 6

Americans on fundamental democratic values

Answer 6

importance of free and fair elections, checks and balances of power among the president, the rule of law, and justice-even for elected officials.

Question 7

Two most common political ideologies that have changed over time

Answer 7

Liberalism, and conservatism

Question 8

Many conservatives today are

Answer 8

classical liberals

Question 9

in classical political theory, someone who favored individual entrepreneurship and was suspicious of government and its ability to manage economic and social affairs, “progressives”

Answer 9

Liberal

Question 10

the belief that government action (law and policies are often needed to preserve individual liberty and promote equality.

Answer 10

social liberals (today’s liberals)

Question 11

progressive taxation, expansion of federal safety net, government spending and education, infrastructure and broadband access, fight climate change, renewable energy, protect people of color and women from discrimination ,LGBTQ rights

Answer 11

Liberal values

Question 12

believe that large government pose a threat to the freedom of individual citizens, small businesses, free market, economic growth and democracy.

Answer 12

Conservatism -classical liberalism

Question 13

high values on personal responsibility, supporting cutting taxes and reducing government spending, oppose government regulation of business, stricter criminal justice laws, oppose recreation drug legalization, more spending for the police, military, and emergency first responders.

Answer 13

Conservative values

Question 14

believe that government policies interferes with freedom of expression, free markets, and society, most closely align with classical liberalism.
Support gun control.
Support legalization of drugs and other policies that reduce government interference in private decisions.

Answer 14

Libertarianism

Question 15

Support free-market capitalism but favor expanded government.
Free public college, universal child care, single-payer health care, welfare for the poor, higher taxes on the rich, and protection of workers’ rights and unions.
They argue that government is necessary to promote justice and to reduce economic and social inequality.

Answer 15

Democratic Socialism -Bernie Sanders

Question 16

How do values of beliefs differ from political attitudes or opinions?

Answer 16

Values or beliefs make up a person’s basic orientation to politics and are not limited to the political arena, while attitudes or opinions are views about particular issues, persons, or events.

Question 17

How does liberal political ideology differ from conservative political ideology?

Answer 17

Most liberals support greater government intervention in the economy than do most conservatives.

Question 18

The process which underlying political beliefs and values are formed

Answer 18

political socialization

Question 19

promote differences in political opinions and political attitudes; include family and friends, members of a social group, religion, party affiliation, economic factors like income, region, media, public education system.

Answer 19

Agents of Socialization

Question 20

Experiences and influences that are unique to each person play a role in shaping

Answer 20

political orientation

Question 21

Cubans are most likely to vote —–
while Mexican and Puerto Rico are most likely to vote —–

Answer 21

Republican, Democrat

Question 22

—– tend to oppose military intervention, while —– favor gun control and government social programs.

Answer 22

Women tend to oppose military intervention, while men favor gun control and government social programs.

Question 23

The tendency of men’s and women’s voting to differ is known as the

Answer 23

gender gap

Question 24

rely on party leaders and the media for cues on the appropriate positions to take on a major political issues

Answer 24

self-identified partisans

Question 25

The increasing alignment among partisanship and social identities results in

Answer 25

political polarization

Question 26

-Often set the agenda for the nation
-Opinion makers that have impact on popular attitudes
-not neutral messengers

Answer 26

marketplace of ideas

Question 27

How do political parties influence political attitudes and opinions?

Answer 27

Most Americans filter their opinions and attitudes through their partisanship.

Question 28

Three stages of opinion formation

Answer 28

“receive” “accept” “sample”

Question 29

People assess information through their previously held political views and accept only those messages that fit their beliefs, meaning some of that information will be rejected

Answer 29

“accept stage” of the RAS model

Question 30

people select some on the accepted information often the most recent and form an opinion from it

Answer 30

“sample stage” of the RAS model

Question 31

public opinion is often a reflection of whatever recent campaign message people have stored in their short-term memory an effect called

Answer 31

priming

Question 32

online-processing model

Answer 32

the idea is that people keep a running tally of information and use the tally to form an opinion

Question 33

public opinion of same-sex marriage has occurred partly in response to government policy

Answer 33

“policy feedback”

Question 34

political knowledge may protect individuals from

Answer 34

exposure to misinformation that can distort public opinion.

Question 35

short cuts and cues are taken from

Answer 35

trusted friends, social networks, relatives, colleagues, and sometime religious leaders.

Question 36

-means that party endorsements of an issue or candidate have a larger impact on public opinion that they used to.
-may thus reduce overall levels of political knowledge.

Answer 36

Polarization

Question 37

lack of knowledge can

Answer 37

contribute to growing political and economic inequality, and even threaten U.S. democracy.

Question 38

Why is political knowledge important for democracy?

Answer 38

Political knowledge in an important basis for individual to effectively defend their political interests, rights, and freedoms.

Question 39

Government policy can cause changes in public opinion in various areas, such as environmental protection, public health, immigration enforcement and criminal justice, welfare reform, the death penalty, and smoking bans. A phenomenon called

Answer 39

policy feedback

Question 40

strong bias toward the status quo

Answer 40

those with higher incomes are more likely to have their policy preferences represented by actual government policies.

Question 41

Why do more affluent and educated Americans typically exert greater influence over government officials and public policy?

Answer 41

More affluent and educated people are more likely to vote and engage in other political activities, such as donating to campaigns, which gives them sway over elected officials.

Question 42

Public officials and political campaigns make extensive use of —– and —— to help them decided to run for office, raise campaign funds, which policies to support and how to appeal to voters.

Answer 42

Public officials and political campaigns make extensive use of data analytics and public-opinion polls to help them decided to run for office, raise campaign funds, which policies to support and how to appeal to voters.

Question 43

when pollsters take a sample it must

Answer 43

be an appropriate sampling method, large sample size, and avoidance of selection bias.

Question 44

Simple random sample (or probability sample) -

Answer 44

Simple random sample (or probability sample) -a method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent

Question 45

the chance that a sample used does not accurately represent the population from which it is drawn

Answer 45

sampling error (or margin of error)
3.1 percent variation from 50 percent
-samples of 1000 people are considered accurate

Question 46

3 frequent sources of measurement error is

Answer 46

-wording of survey questions
-social desirability response
-selection bias

Question 47

respondents report what they think is the socially acceptable response, rather than what they actually believe or know to be true

Answer 47

social desirability response

Question 48

when the sample is not representative of the population being studied.

Answer 48

selection bias

Question 49

the effect that occurs when polling results convince people to support a candidate identified as the probable victor

Answer 49

bandwagon effect

Question 50

public-opinion polls sometimes do not reflect the general population due to

Answer 50

social desirability effects

Question 51

How can public-opinion polls influence elections?

Answer 51

Polls results can create a bandwagon effect in which people are convinced to support a candidate identified as the probable victor.

Question 52

The tendency for Black Americans to perceive other Black Americans as members of a group with a common identity and a shared political interest is called

Answer 52

linked fate.

Question 53

During the 2020 Democratic presidential primary elections, candidate and former vice president Joe Biden received favorable national coverage showing his lead in the South Carolina polls. Despite losses in the previous four states, Biden went on to become the party’s presumptive nominee in weeks. The increased public support for Biden is partly explained by

Answer 53

the bandwagon effect