Chapter 3

Question 1

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

Answer 1

federalism

Question 2

a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government

Answer 2

unitary system

Question 3

the processes by which the three levels of American government (national, state, local) negotiate and compromise over policy responsibility

Answer 3

intergovernmental relations

Question 4

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)

Answer 4

expressed powers

Question 5

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers

Answer 5

implied powers

Question 6

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its expressed powers

Answer 6

necessary and proper clause

Question 7

powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states

Answer 7

reserved powers

Question 8

authority possessed by both state
and national governments,
such as the power to levy taxes

Answer 8

concurrent powers

Question 9

power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens

Answer 9

police power

Question 10

provision from Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

Answer 10

full faith and credit clause

Question 11

provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges

Answer 11

privileges and immunities clause

Question 12

power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs

Answer 12

home rule

Question 13

the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments.
“Layer cake federalism”, because of the responsibilities of the national government and state governments are strictly separated.

Answer 13

duel federalism

Question 14

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes”; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy

Answer 14

commerce clause

Question 15

programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government

Answer 15

grants-in-aid

Question 16

congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law

Answer 16

categorical grants

Question 17

a type of federalism existing since the “New Deal” era(Great Depression) in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as intergovernmental cooperation

“marble cake federalism”

Answer 17

cooperative federalism

Question 18

a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards
-gained momentum in the 1970s

Answer 18

regulated federalism

Question 19

the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack

Answer 19

preemption

Question 20

the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government; this principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War

Answer 20

states’ rights

Question 21

a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments

Answer 21

devolution

Question 22

federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

Answer 22

block grants

Question 23

attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants, devolution and reliance of the language in the 10th amendment

Answer 23

New Federalism

Question 24

the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula; revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments

Answer 24

general revenue sharing

Question 25

the process by which policy decisions in one political jurisdiction are influenced by choices made in another jurisdiction

Answer 25

diffusion

Question 26

a law or regulation requiring a state or local government to perform certain actions without providing funding for fulfilling the requirement

Answer 26

unfunded mandate

Question 27

economic policies designed to transfer income through taxing and spending, with the goal of benefiting people in poverty

Answer 27

redistributive programs

Question 28

Which amendment to the Constitution is most frequently cited to bolster arguments in favor of states’ rights?

Answer 28

10th

Question 29

—- Grants
-federal funds to states for a general policy purpose
-offer more flexibility
-offer more power to states

——- Grants
-offer more power to the federal government
-federal funds to states for a specific purpose

Answer 29

Block Grants
-federal funds to states for a general policy purpose
-offer more flexibility
-offer more power to states

Categorical Grants
-offer more power to the federal government
-federal funds to states for a specific purpose

Question 30

The American Political System Guided on Two Principles

Answer 30

Representative Democracy + Federalism = American Political System

Question 31

How does the U.S constitution establish the authority of the national government and state governments?

Answer 31

-The U.S Constitution establishes expressed powers for the national government in Article 1, Section 8, and it establishes reserved powers to the state in the Tenth Amendment.

Question 32

One way that the national government has exerted influence over state government is?

Answer 32

-by giving money to state and local governments if they agree to spend it for the purpose Congress specified.(Categorical grants).

Question 33

How did the Great Depression influence the power of the federal government?

Answer 33

-The federal government took a more active role than before in providing economic security for Americans.
-Federal grants-in-aid became a powerful tool to redirect state governments’ policy.

Question 34

Part of the New York state constitution specifies that the state legislature cannot pass laws that affect New York City without first getting the city’s approval. What concept is this an example of?

Answer 34

home rule

Question 35

In 1991, Minnesota was the first state to create charter schools. Since then, 44 states and Washington, D.C., have adopted or permit charter schools in their jurisdictions, partially as a result of Minnesota’s decision to do so. This is an example of which concept?

Answer 35

diffusion

Question 36

How does the distribution of national and state power in a unitary system compare to that of a federal system of government?

Answer 36

-in a unitary system, the national government holds most policy-making authority, and in a federal system, policy-making authority is shared among the national government and regional or state governments.

Question 37

What is true in regards to states’ rights?

Answer 37

-Since the 1970’s, states have taken a much more active role in administering large-scale programs with the federal government providing states with block grants that have fewer conditions on how the funds should be spent.

Question 38

What is the evolution of the national government’s power?

Answer 38

-In the 1930’s, the Court increased the power of the national government through its expansive interpretation of the commerce clause, and the national New Deal policies further expanded the government’s scope.

Question 39

If a state gave its residents preference in obtaining work at the state’s utility provider, this would likely violate which of the following constitutional clauses?

Answer 39

-Privileges and immunities

Question 40

The city of Baltimore, the state of Maryland, and the United States federal government are negotiating responsibility for a youth health care program. Which term describes this interaction?

Answer 40

-intergovernmental relations

Question 41

Suppose a state believes that it does not have to obey a federal law, because the law exceeds the national government’s authority. What is this belief called?

Answer 41

nullification

Question 42

Which parts of the Constitution led the Supreme Court to support the expansion of national power after 1937?

Answer 42

-the commerce clause
-the necessary and proper clause

Question 43

In a —— system, all laws and decisions are made by the national government. In a —— system, such as the one we have in the United States, powers are divided between the state and national governments.

Answer 43

In a unitary system, all laws and decisions are made by the national government. In a federal system, such as the one we have in the United States, powers are divided between the state and national governments.

Question 44

Implied powers are those derived from the —————- clause, which expanded the power of the national government considerably.

Answer 44

the necessary and proper clause

Question 45

In a federal system, some powers are shared by different levels of government and others are not. The process of determining how the different levels of government will assume responsibility over a policy is known as ——————————

Answer 45

intergovernmental relations

Question 46

Preemption

Answer 46

-Preemption has nothing to do with which entity passes a law first.
-States can have differing accessibility standards as long as they are equal to or higher than those set by the federal government.

Question 47

How did the Great Depression influence the power of the federal government?

Answer 47

-The federal government took a more active role than before in providing economic security for Americans.
-Federal grants-in-aid became a powerful tool to redirect state governments’ policy.

Question 48

Which parts of the Constitution led the Supreme Court to support the expansion of national power after 1937?

Answer 48

-the necessary and proper clause
-the commerce clause

Question 49

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president

Answer 49

expressed powers

Question 50

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution

Answer 50

implied powers

Question 51

powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states

Answer 51

reserved powers

Question 52

What are the possible advantages of federalism?

Answer 52

-Federalism allows for the opportunity for greater policy experimentation and innovation.
-Federalism offers the potential for unity for diverse countries.

Question 53

Which amendment to the Constitution is most frequently cited to bolster arguments in favor of states’ rights?

Answer 53

10th

Question 54

How is power distributed in the U.S. federal system?

Answer 54

Power is divided between the national and state governments