Chapter 7 - Long Term Memory and Encoding Retrieval Flashcards
what is encoding?
-> processing and learning information
what is retrieval?
-> accessing information that is in long term memory
what is absolutely necessary for the encoding process?
-> paying attention to a stimulus
what is repetition?
-> the more you encounter information, the easier you will be able to remember it
what is the difference between rehearsal and repetition?
rehearsal -> repeating information internally
repetition -> repeated exposure to information
what is massed repetition?
-> repeated presentation to information in a short amount of time
what is distributed repetiton?
-> repeated presentations across a longer period of time
what is the spacing effect?
-> the benefit of distributed repetition, information that is learned spaced out is easier to remember
what is the deficient processing view?
-> the concept that with massed repetition you don’t pay as much attention (locus at encoding)
what is the encoding variability view?
-> the concept that with spaced out repetition you will see the information differently each time, making it easier to remember (locus at retrieval)
what is maintenance rehearsal?
-> repeating the information until you use it
what is elaborative rehearsal?
-> thinking about the information and making connections
what is the Levels of Processing approach?
-> the idea that deeper processing = better memory
what is the picture superiority effect?
-> how associating words with images facilitates recall
what is the self-referent effect?
-> how words you associate with yourself are easier to remember
what is the generation effect?
-> how cues you generate yourself will facilitate recall better than preset cues
what is availability vs accessibility in terms of retrieval?
-> availability: is the information actually in long term memory?
-> accessibility: the information is there, but can you access it?
what is the testing effect?
-> testing yourself and having retrieval practice will facilitate recall
what is free vs cued recall?
-> free recall: recall without any hints or cues
-> cued recall: a cue is presented to facilitate recall
what is the encoding specificity principle?
-> we encode information along with the context in which it is learned
what is the outshining hypothesis?
-> knowledge trumps the encoding specificity principle
what is state-dependent learning?
-> learning is associated with the internal state you’re experiencing when you learned it (knowledge trumps this)
what is Transfer Appropriate Processing?
-> if you encode something and are asked to retrieve it in the same way, it will be easier to remember
what is the difference between Levels of Processing and Transfer Appropriate Processing?
-> levels of processing: deeper processing = greater memory
-> transfer appropriate processing: encoding + retrieval match = greater memory
what is consolidation?
-> when given breaks in learning, the hippocampus replays information and facilitates encoding
what is retrograde amnesia vs anterograde amnesia?
-> retrograde: no memory from before the injury
-> anterograde: can’t form new memories
what is graded amnesia?
most remote (farthest back) memories come back because they have been consolidated the longest
