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Pysch Tommy > Chapter 7: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

ex. neutral stimulus = the bell

other stimulus = food

classical conditioning involving fear relies on the amygdala

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2
Q

The four basic elements of classical conditioning

A
  1. Unconditioned stimulus (US)
  2. Unconditioned response (UR)
  3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
  4. Conditioned Response (CR)
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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

  • Example: Food (For Dog)
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4
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

  • Salavation (Dog Example)
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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

  • A bell or something (Dog example)
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6
Q

Conditioned Response

A

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

  • The salavation from the bell (dog example)
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7
Q

Acquisition

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

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8
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

Conditioning where the stimulus that functions as the US is actually the CS from an earlier procedure in which it acquired its ability to produce learning

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9
Q

Extinction

A

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented.

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10
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

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11
Q

Generalization

A

the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

  • using music instead of a bell
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12
Q

Discrimination

A

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

  • clap of hands vs. a bell
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13
Q

Learning

A

Involves the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

  • Learning is based on experience
  • Learning produces changes in the organism
  • These changes are relatively permanent
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14
Q

biological preparedness

A

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whther it will be repeated in the future

fear is maintained through operant conditioning

avoiding a fear involved negative reinforcement

instrumental learning = operant conditioning

operant conditioning involves the dopamine based reward system centered in the nucleus accumbens

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16
Q

law of effect

A

behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

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17
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

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18
Q

Reinforcer

A

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

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19
Q

Punisher

A

any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

20
Q

overjustification effect

A

when external rewards undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

21
Q

Fixed interval schedule (FI)

A

reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

  • scheduled exams

Slow Learning

22
Q

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

A

A behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

  • pop quizzes

Slow Learning

23
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made

  • every 5th box filled (at work or something)

Fast Learning

24
Q

Variable ratio schedule (VR)

A

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

  • slot machines (one out of every 100, but it could come at 1 or it could come at 99 etc)

Fast Learning

25
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

26
Q

Intermittent-Reinforcement Effect

A

the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under coninuous reinforcement

27
Q

Shaping

A

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

28
Q

Latent Learning

A

something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until something in the future

29
Q

Cognitive Map

A

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

30
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning takes place by watching the actions of others

31
Q

Diffusion Chain

A

individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

32
Q

Implicit Learning

A

Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition

  • knowledge that sneaks under the wires
  • example
    • Driving may have been explicit (focusing on doing everything right at once) to implicit (almost second nature)
33
Q

Habituation

A

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

  • example: when you first moved into your house near the airport the planes were probably really loud, but after a while you began to notice them less and less
34
Q

Pavlov

A

Classical Conditioning

35
Q

Watson

A

“behaviorism”

classical conditioning “Little Albert”

Fears and phobias can be conditioned

36
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioning

consequences of a behavior will determine whether or not it will happen again

Skinner reinforced movements of pigeons

any behavior followed by consequence will reoccur

37
Q

Bandura

A

Social Learning

Focuses on the importance of observing and modeling behaviors, attitudes, and emotions

  • Bobo Doll Experiment
    • kids watch an adult beat up the Bobo doll. Kids that observed that kind of aggression where more likely to interact in the same manner with the Bobo doll
      • can put an non-aggressive child in an environment in which they observe aggression, and their behavior will change
38
Q

DIfference between classical and operate conditioning

A
  • Classical
    • organism is passive
    • responses are reflexes
    • respsones are elicited
    • **REINFORCEMENT IS UNRELATED TO LEARNING THE ASSOCIATION **
    • learning w/out being aware that we are learning
  • Operant
    • Organism is active
    • responses are voluntary
    • responses are emitted
    • **REINFORCEMENT IS CONTINGENT ON DESIRED RESPONSE **
    • what we learn happens when we act a certain way
39
Q

Classical Conditioning Learning Curve

A
40
Q

Stimulus substitution

A

rat vs. rabbit, dog etc

(Little Albert’s case of being afraid of a rat which was a CS)

41
Q

Counterconditioning

A

a classic conditioning procedure for weakening a CR by associating the CS (fear-producing stimulus) with a new response incompatible with the fear

42
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

technology that creats the situation that the person fears, while remaining in a safe environment in reality

  • slowly desensitizes people in a classical conditioning process
  • creats a higher-order conditioning
43
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

  • if you like to volunteer, getting paid to do it will make you want to do it less.
44
Q

Habituation

A

a decrease in behavioral response following repeated exposure to non-threatening stimuli

(a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response)

45
Q

Sensitization

A

an increase in behavioral response following exposure to a threatening stimulus

Pysch Tommy (11 decks)

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