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Pysch Tommy > Chapter 13: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

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2
Q

Aggression

A

behavior whose purpose is to harm another

  • a strategy used by just about every animal on the planet
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3
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A

animals aggress when annd only when their goals are frustrated

  • The chimp wants a banana (goal), but the pelican is about to take it (frustration), so the chimp threatens the pelican with his fist (aggression)
  • The robber wants the money (goal) but the teller has t locked up (frustration), so the robber threatens the teller with a gun (aggression)
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4
Q

Cooperation

A

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

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5
Q

Group

A

A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

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6
Q

Prejudice

A

a positive or negative evaluation of another person vased on their group membership

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7
Q

Discrimination

A

a postivie or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership

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8
Q

Deindividuation

A

Occurs when Immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values

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9
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

Occurs when individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

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10
Q

Altruism

A

behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

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11
Q

Kin Selection

A

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

  • this means that cooperating with relatives is not really altruistic
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12
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

  • Really isn’t altruistic at all
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13
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

the tendency for the frequency of exposure to a stimulus to increase liking

  • For instance: in some experiments, geometric shapes, faces, or alphabetical characters were flashed on a computuer screen so quickly that participants were unaware of having seen them
  • These participants were then shown some of the “old” stimuli that had been flashed across the screen as well as some “new stimuli that had not.
  • Although they could not reliably tell which stimuli were old and which were new, participants tended to like the old stimuli better than the new ones
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14
Q

Passionate Love

A

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

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15
Q

Companionate Love

A

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being

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16
Q

Social Exchange

A

the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

  • For example: a relationship that provides an acceptable level of benefits at a reasonable cost will probably be maintained, and one that doesn’t won’t
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17
Q

Comparison Level

A

the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

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18
Q

Equity

A

a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

  • ex. spouses are more distressed when their respective cost-benefit ratios are unfavorable - and this is true even when their cost-benefit ratio is more favorable than their partner’s
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19
Q

Social Influence

A

the ability to control another person’s behavior

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20
Q

Norms

A

customary standards for behavior

  • Face forward in elevator
  • Don’t talk in elevator
  • Walk on the right side
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21
Q

Normative Influence

A

another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate

  • ex. every human culture has a **norm of reciprocity **
    • the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them
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22
Q

Norm of Reciprocity

A

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

  • When a friend buys you lunch, you return the favor; and if you don’t, your friend gets miffed
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23
Q

Door-in-the-face Technique

A

a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior

  • Ask someone something outrageous first and then ask them what you really want and the chances of them saying yes go up
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24
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

25
Q

Obedience

A

the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

26
Q

Attitude

A

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

27
Q

Belief

A

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

28
Q

Information Influence

A

another person’s behavior provides information about what is good or right

29
Q

Persuasion

A

occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

30
Q

Systematic Persuasion

A

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

31
Q

Heuristic Persuasion

A

the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

  • people will often use shortcuts or “rules of thumb” to help them decide whether to believe a communication
32
Q

Foot-in-the-door Technique

A

a technique that involves a small request followed by a larger request

  • Asked to sign a petition urging the state legislature to promote safe driving
  • Then asked to install the ugly sign
    • Many more people said yes
33
Q

Cognitivie Dissonance

A

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs

  • Causses anxiety and motivation to reduce by changing attitude or behavior
34
Q

Social Cognition

A

the processes by which people come to understand others

35
Q

Stereotyping

A

the process by which we draw inferences about others based on knowledge of the categories to which they belong

  • cognitive schemas that organized information about people based on their membership in certain groups
    • Impacts perception ==> Diallo Case
36
Q

Perceptual Confirmation

A

the tendency for people to see what they expect to see

37
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

the tendency for people to cause what they expect to see

  • The test scores of black students went down when they had to list their ethnicity in the beginning of the test
38
Q

Subtyping

A

the tendency for people who are faced with disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

  • for example, people tend to believe that public relations agents are socialbe
  • In one study participants learned about a PR agent who was slightly unsocialbe, and the results showed that their stereotypes about the PR agents shifted a bit to accommodate this new information
  • But when participants learned about a PR agent who was extremely unsociable, their stereotypes did not change at all
39
Q

Attributions

A

inferences about the caues of people’s behaviors

40
Q

The Covariation Model of Attribution

A

Harold Kelley’s covariation model tells us how to use information to make an attribution for another person’s action, such as his failure to mow the lawn last week. If the person’s action is consistent (he often fails to mow the lawn) but not distinctive (he avoids other kinds of work) and not consensual (other people did mow their lawns last week), then the model tells us to make a dispositional attribution. If the person’s action is not consistent (he usually mows his lawn) but is distinctive (he doesn’t avoid other kinds of work) and consensual (other people didn’t mow their lawns last week), the model tells us to make a situational attribution.

41
Q

Correspondence Bias

A

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person’s behavior was caused by the situation

*

42
Q

Actor-Observer Effect

A

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

43
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

model of how attitudes are formed and changed

44
Q

Two Important Themes of Social Psychology

A
  1. We tend to vastly underestimate the power of situations in shaping our own and other people’s behaviors
  2. A great deal of mental activity occurs automatically and without conscious awareness or intent (implicit schemas, attitudes, etc.)
45
Q

Core Concepts in Social Psychology

A
  • Fundamental Attribution Error
  • Social Comparison (better than average)
  • Attitudes (implicit and explicit)
  • Persuasion
  • Self-fulfilling Prophecy
  • Confirmation Biases
  • Cognitive Dissonance
  • Deindividuation
  • Dehumanization
  • Bystander Apathy
  • Obedience
  • Conformity e
46
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

tend to over emphasize the importance of personality traits and underestimate the importance of the situation

  • A person acting badly in a situation thinks they are a good person that is in a bad situation
  • Observer will automatically assume the person is bad
  • ex. “It was the situation, not me.”
47
Q

“Just World” Hypothesis

A

victims must have deserved whatever bad thing happened to them; must have done something to provoke the situation

48
Q

The Mere Exposure Effect

A

the tendency for liking to increase wit hthe frequency of exposure

  • Explains why people prefer mirror images of themselves, wheras others prefer normal images of the person
49
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

the tendency for people to favor information that confirms their beliefs or hypotheses

  • Reinforce stereotypes
50
Q

Central Route Processing

A

uses rational cognitive processes. Stronger attitudes, less resistant to change

51
Q

Peripheral Route Processing

A

not as strong as central route processing

52
Q

Leon Festinger

A

proposed that cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior

  • $1 vs. $20 study: students participated in a very boring study and afterwards were given either $1 or $20 to go tell the next group of participants that the study was very interesting
  • People who were given $1 later said they enjoyed the experiment because there was a cognitive dissonance between how they really felt about the experiment and why they lied to the other students
  • People who were given $20 later said they dislike the experiment because $20 was justification enough to have lied to other students
53
Q

In-group/Out-group Bias

A

refers to the phenomenon of in-group favoritism, a preference and affinity for one’s in-group over the out-group, or anyone viewed as outisde the in-group

  • observe someone in an out-group something negative and then associated the negative action with all people in that group
  • Prejudice against mentally ill –> thinking they are all dangerous and a threat to society
54
Q

Social Loafing

A

people work less hard in a group when no one person’se efforts are identified

55
Q

Risky Shift Effect

A

In situations where they decision is to be risky or safe, groups are more likely to make the risky decision

56
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished rsponsibilty when for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

57
Q

Group Polarization

A

tendency in a group to go to one extreme or the other

58
Q

Jiigsaw Classrooms

A

Assign students to work in groups instead of having them work with their in-group. Each student is able to teach a certain researched topic to the group. Improves classrooms so they are more inclusive, and people can work together well.

Pysch Tommy (11 decks)

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