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Pysch Tommy > Chapter 11: Development > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

The study of continuity and change across the life span

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2
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

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3
Q

Germinal Stage

A

2-week period that begins at conception

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4
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

A period that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week

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5
Q

Fetal Stage

A

a period that lasts from the ninth week until birth

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6
Q

Myelination

A

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that damage the process of development

  • Examples
    • lead in water
    • paint dust in air
    • alcohol
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8
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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9
Q

Infancy

A

the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

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10
Q

Motor Development

A

the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions

  • Such as reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking
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11
Q

Reflexes

A

Speciific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns sensory stimulation

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12
Q

Cephalocaudal Rule

A

motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

  • Top to bottom rule
  • infants tend to gain control over their heads first, their arms and trunks next, and their legs last
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13
Q

Proximodistal Rule

A

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

  • the inside to outside rule
  • babies learn to control their knees, and they learn to control their elbows and knees before their hands and feet
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14
Q

Cognitive Development

A

the emergence of the ability to think and understand

  • children must come to understand
    • how the physical world works
    • how their minds represent it, and how other minds represent it
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15
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy

  • infants at this stage use their ability to sense and their ability to move to acquire infromation about the world in which they live
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16
Q

Schemas

A

theories about ormodels of the way the world works

  • infants construct these as they begin to live their lives
  • having a prejudice is a schema
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17
Q

Assimilation

A

infants apply their schemas in novel situations

  • tugging on a stuffed animal for it to come closer
  • tugging on a actual animal will cause it to run away
  • Adding new information to the prejudice is assimilation
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18
Q

Accommodation

A

Occurs when infants revise their schemas in light of new information

  • realizing the prejudice is wrong and restructuring one’s opinion is accommodation
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19
Q

Object Permanence

A

the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

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20
Q

Childhood

A

the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts util adolescence, which begins between 11 and 14 years

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21
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

the stage of development that begins at about 2 year and ends at about 6 years

  • one of the stages of childhood
  • during this stage the child learns about physical or “concrete” objects
    *
22
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

the stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years

  • during this stage the child learns how various actions or “operations” can affect or transform those objects
23
Q

Conservation

A

The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

  • Water in cups, one poured into a smaller glass, they think that one has more now
    *
24
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

The stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lats through adulthood

  • Around the time when children can solve nonphysical problems with similar ease as solving physical problems
25
Q

Egocentrism

A

the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers

26
Q

Theory of Mind

A

the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation

27
Q

Attachment

A

an emotional bond - with a primary caregiver

28
Q

Strange Situation

A

behavioral test used to determine a child’s attachment style

  • taking child into room with parent
  • Parent leaves
  • the child experiences one of four attachment styles
29
Q

Internal Working Model of Relationships

A

a set of beliefs about the self, the primary care-giver, and the relationship between them

30
Q

Temperaments

A

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

31
Q

Preconventional Stage

A

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

32
Q

Conventional Stage

A

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

  • concerned not just about the punishment, but also about the approval of others
  • Immoral actions are those for which one is condemned
33
Q

Postconventional Stage

A

a stage of moral development at which hte morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

34
Q

Adolescence

A

the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age)

35
Q

Puberty

A

the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

36
Q

Primary Sex characteristics

A

bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

37
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

38
Q

Erikson’s Stages

A
39
Q

Adulthood

A

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death

40
Q

Critical Periods

A

experience must occur during a certain time for normal development

(language, visual information, attachment)

41
Q

Sensitive Periods

A

certain things are easier to learn at certain times during life (foreign languages are easier for young children to acquire than adults)

42
Q

Piaget

A

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete Operational
  • Formal Operational
43
Q

Kohlberg

A

3 Levels of moral development

  • Preconventional Level
  • Conventional Level
  • Postconventional Level
44
Q

Erikson

A

8 stages of psychosocial development

  • Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
  • Initiative vs. Guilt
  • Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation
  • Ego Integrity vs. Despair
45
Q

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

A
46
Q

Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory

A

younger adults are generally oriented toward the acquisition of information that will be useful to them in the future, whereas older adults are generally oriented toward information that brings emotional satisfaction in the present

  • Happiness generally increase in throughout adulthood
  • Marital satisfaction typically is high in the beginning, declines after having children, plateaus, declines slightly when children are adolescence, and increase when children leave home
47
Q

Secure Attachment

A

children are securely attached generally become visibly upset when their caregivers leave, and are happy when their caregivers return (%60)

48
Q

Avoidant

A

children with avoidant attachment tend to avoid caregivers, which is especially pronounced after a period of absence (20%)

  • do not seek comfort or contact
  • show no preference between a parent and a stranger
49
Q

Ambivalent

A

children who are ambivalently attached tend to be extremely suspicious of strangers (15%)

  • display considerable distress when separated from caregiver, but do not seem comforted by caregiver return
50
Q

3 Parenting Styles

A
  1. Permissive: indulgent/indifferent
  2. Authoitarian: have high expectations and very strict rules. Very demanding
  3. Authoritative: listen to children and encourage independence. Place limits on behaviors. Administer fair discipline.

Pysch Tommy (11 decks)

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