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PSYC 101 > Chapter 7 - Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability to store and retrieve information

A

Memory

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2
Q

A deficit in long-term memory - resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma - in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information

A

amnesia

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3
Q

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories

A

Anterograde amnesia

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4
Q

A facilitation in the response to a stimulus due to a recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus

A

priming

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5
Q

a condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information

A

Retrograde amnesia

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6
Q

Memory that is expressed through responses, actions, or reactions

A

Implicit Memory

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7
Q

Memory that is consciously retrieved

A

Explicit Memory

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8
Q

A type of implicit memory that involves skills and habits

A

Procedural Memory

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9
Q

memory for one’s past experiences that are identified by a time and place

A

Episodic memory

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10
Q

memory for knowledge of facts independent of personal experience

A

Semantic memory

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11
Q

involved in formation of both episodic and semantic memories

A

Medial temporal lobes

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12
Q

necessary for forming new episodic memories
but not for retrieving older episodic memories

A

Hippocampus

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13
Q

The 3 stages of memory

A

Encoding —> Storage –> Retrieval

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14
Q

The process by which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into memory

A

Encoding

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15
Q

Information that can be coded verbally and visually will be remembered more easily than information that can be coded only verbally

A

Dual-coding hypothesis

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16
Q

The more deeply an item is encoded and the more meaning it has, the better it is remembered

A

Levels of processing model

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17
Q

Repeating the item over and over

A

Maintenance rehearsal

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18
Q

Encoding the information in more meaningful ways (e.g. thinking about the item conceptually)

A

Elaborative rehearsal

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19
Q

Cognitive structures in long-term memory that
help us perceive, organize, process, and
understand information

A

schemas

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20
Q

Organizing information into meaningful units to
make it easier to remember

A

Chunking

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21
Q

Learning aids or strategies that improve recall
through the use of retrieval cues

A

Mnemonics

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22
Q

The mnemonic strategy of associating items you want to remember with physical locations

A

Method of loci

23
Q

Memory system that very briefly stores sensory
information in close to its original sensory form

A

Sensory memory

24
Q

When you look at something and quickly glance away, you can briefly picture the image and recall some of its details

A

Iconic memory

25
Q

Being able to repeat back the last few words someone said, even if you weren’t paying attention

A

Echoic memory

26
Q

Memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness

A

Short-term memory

27
Q

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use

A

working memory

28
Q

Refers to the amount of information held in working memory

A

memory span

29
Q

The storage of information that lasts from
minutes to forever

A

long-term memory

30
Q

The finding that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, such that items presented early or late in the list are remembered better than those in the middle

A

Serial position effect

31
Q

Refers to the better memory that people have for items presented at the beginning of the list

A

The primacy effect

32
Q

Refers to the better memory that people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list

A

The recency effect

33
Q

The gradual process of memory storage in the brain

A

Consolidation

34
Q

Strengthening of a synaptic connection, making
the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated
by presynaptic neurons

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

35
Q

Vivid episodic memories for circumstances in
which people first learned of a surprising and
consequential or emotionally arousing event

A

Flashbulb memories

36
Q

The re-storage of memory after retrieval

A

Reconsolidation

37
Q

The strategy of bringing information to mind by deliberately trying to recall it

A

Retrieval practice

38
Q

Anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman
animal) recall a memory

A

Retrieval cue

39
Q

the idea that any stimulus that is encoded along
with an experience can later trigger a memory
of the experience

A

Encoding specificity principle

40
Q

Type of memory enhancement in which the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

A

Context-dependent memory

41
Q

Type of memory enhancement in which a person’s internal states (emotions) match during encoding and recall

A

State-dependent memory

42
Q

Remembering to do something at some future time

A

Prospective memory

43
Q

Impairment of the ability to recall an item in the future after retrieving a related item from long-term memory

A

Retrieval-induced forgetting

44
Q

Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

A

Proactive interference

45
Q

Interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

A

Retroactive interference

46
Q

The temporary inability to remember something

A

Blocking

47
Q

The inattentive or shallow encoding of events

A

Absentmindedness

48
Q

The continual reoccurrence of unwanted memories

A

Persistence

49
Q

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes

A

Memory bias

50
Q

Memory distortion occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstance involved with a memory

A

Source misattribution

51
Q

A type of misattribution that occurs when people have a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered the information

A

Source amnesia

52
Q

A type of misattribution that occurs when people think they have come up with a new idea yet have retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

A

Cryptomnesia

53
Q

The development of biased memories from misleading information

A

Suggestibility

PSYC 101 (10 decks)

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