Chapter 7 - Key Terms

Question 1

The ability to store and retrieve information

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

A deficit in long-term memory - resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma - in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information

Answer 2

amnesia

Question 3

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories

Answer 3

Anterograde amnesia

Question 4

A facilitation in the response to a stimulus due to a recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus

Answer 4

priming

Question 5

a condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information

Answer 5

Retrograde amnesia

Question 6

Memory that is expressed through responses, actions, or reactions

Answer 6

Implicit Memory

Question 7

Memory that is consciously retrieved

Answer 7

Explicit Memory

Question 8

A type of implicit memory that involves skills and habits

Answer 8

Procedural Memory

Question 9

memory for one’s past experiences that are identified by a time and place

Answer 9

Episodic memory

Question 10

memory for knowledge of facts independent of personal experience

Answer 10

Semantic memory

Question 11

involved in formation of both episodic and semantic memories

Answer 11

Medial temporal lobes

Question 12

necessary for forming new episodic memories
but not for retrieving older episodic memories

Answer 12

Hippocampus

Question 13

The 3 stages of memory

Answer 13

Encoding —> Storage –> Retrieval

Question 14

The process by which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into memory

Answer 14

Encoding

Question 15

Information that can be coded verbally and visually will be remembered more easily than information that can be coded only verbally

Answer 15

Dual-coding hypothesis

Question 16

The more deeply an item is encoded and the more meaning it has, the better it is remembered

Answer 16

Levels of processing model

Question 17

Repeating the item over and over

Answer 17

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 18

Encoding the information in more meaningful ways (e.g. thinking about the item conceptually)

Answer 18

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 19

Cognitive structures in long-term memory that
help us perceive, organize, process, and
understand information

Answer 19

schemas

Question 20

Organizing information into meaningful units to
make it easier to remember

Answer 20

Chunking

Question 21

Learning aids or strategies that improve recall
through the use of retrieval cues

Answer 21

Mnemonics

Question 22

The mnemonic strategy of associating items you want to remember with physical locations

Answer 22

Method of loci

Question 23

Memory system that very briefly stores sensory
information in close to its original sensory form

Answer 23

Sensory memory

Question 24

When you look at something and quickly glance away, you can briefly picture the image and recall some of its details

Answer 24

Iconic memory

Question 25

Being able to repeat back the last few words someone said, even if you weren't paying attention

Answer 25

Echoic memory

Question 26

Memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness

Answer 26

Short-term memory

Question 27

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use

Answer 27

working memory

Question 28

Refers to the amount of information held in working memory

Answer 28

memory span

Question 29

The storage of information that lasts from minutes to forever

Answer 29

long-term memory

Question 30

The finding that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, such that items presented early or late in the list are remembered better than those in the middle

Answer 30

Serial position effect

Question 31

Refers to the better memory that people have for items presented at the beginning of the list

Answer 31

The primacy effect

Question 32

Refers to the better memory that people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list

Answer 32

The recency effect

Question 33

The gradual process of memory storage in the brain

Answer 33

Consolidation

Question 34

Strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons

Answer 34

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 35

Vivid episodic memories for circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event

Answer 35

Flashbulb memories

Question 36

The re-storage of memory after retrieval

Answer 36

Reconsolidation

Question 37

The strategy of bringing information to mind by deliberately trying to recall it

Answer 37

Retrieval practice

Question 38

Anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall a memory

Answer 38

Retrieval cue

Question 39

the idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience

Answer 39

Encoding specificity principle

Question 40

Type of memory enhancement in which the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

Answer 40

Context-dependent memory

Question 41

Type of memory enhancement in which a person's internal states (emotions) match during encoding and recall

Answer 41

State-dependent memory

Question 42

Remembering to do something at some future time

Answer 42

Prospective memory

Question 43

Impairment of the ability to recall an item in the future after retrieving a related item from long-term memory

Answer 43

Retrieval-induced forgetting

Question 44

Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

Answer 44

Proactive interference

Question 45

Interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

Answer 45

Retroactive interference

Question 46

The temporary inability to remember something

Answer 46

Blocking

Question 47

The inattentive or shallow encoding of events

Answer 47

Absentmindedness

Question 48

The continual reoccurrence of unwanted memories

Answer 48

Persistence

Question 49

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes

Answer 49

Memory bias

Question 50

Memory distortion occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstance involved with a memory

Answer 50

Source misattribution

Question 51

A type of misattribution that occurs when people have a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered the information

Answer 51

Source amnesia

Question 52

A type of misattribution that occurs when people think they have come up with a new idea yet have retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

Answer 52

Cryptomnesia

Question 53

The development of biased memories from misleading information

Answer 53

Suggestibility